feat(desktop): support native launchers cross-platform

[cnjack]

What changed

• Show the task context titlebar and Open in… launcher on every Tauri desktop platform; macOS keeps the overlay band while Windows and Linux render below native window chrome.
• Add Windows discovery through the per-user/per-machine uninstall registry, validated publishers and known install paths, with native executable icon extraction and launch handling for editors, File Explorer, and terminals.
• Add Linux discovery through freedesktop .desktop entries, TryExec, XDG application directories, and hicolor-compatible icon lookup, including selected file-manager and terminal launch behavior.
• Keep macOS Launch Services behavior in a dedicated platform module and preserve opaque application IDs at the webview/native boundary.
• Accept canonical Windows drive paths and common Linux mount/workspace roots while rejecting relative paths, UNC paths in the web adapter, and undeclared application IDs.
• Show platform-appropriate panel shortcut labels and use semantic editor/file-manager/terminal fallback icons.

Why

PR #178 introduced native installed-app discovery for macOS. Windows and Linux still used the browser fallback and returned no native applications. This brings the same task context and installed-application launcher experience to all supported desktop targets while following each OS's registration model instead of guessing from a shared PATH.

Validation

• pnpm --dir web test — 19 tests passed
• make lint-web
• make build-web
• go test ./...
• cargo test --manifest-path desktop/src-tauri/Cargo.toml — 3 macOS tests passed
• cargo clippy --manifest-path desktop/src-tauri/Cargo.toml --all-targets -- -D warnings
• Windows target: cargo clippy --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --all-targets -- -D warnings with Tauri bundle resources disabled for cross-checking
• Linux discovery module: 4 tests passed, x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu target check passed, and Clippy passed in an isolated harness
• git diff --check

make lint remains blocked by the existing 44 SA5011 findings in untouched Go test files. The complete Tauri Linux cross-build additionally requires a Linux GTK/GDK sysroot, which is not installed on the macOS development host; the Linux platform module itself was target-compiled and tested independently.

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Review details

⚙️ Run configuration

Configuration used: defaults

Review profile: CHILL

Plan: Pro Plus

Run ID: 16045a34-3121-4053-ba65-18952efaf670

📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between 9ee212b and 7439e4c.

⛔ Files ignored due to path filters (1)

• desktop/src-tauri/Cargo.lock is excluded by !**/*.lock

📒 Files selected for processing (12)

• desktop/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
• desktop/src-tauri/src/desktop_apps.rs
• desktop/src-tauri/src/desktop_apps/linux.rs
• desktop/src-tauri/src/desktop_apps/macos.rs
• desktop/src-tauri/src/desktop_apps/unsupported.rs
• desktop/src-tauri/src/desktop_apps/windows.rs
• web/src/App.tsx
• web/src/components/DesktopTitlebar.test.tsx
• web/src/components/DesktopTitlebar.tsx
• web/src/components/TopBar.tsx
• web/src/lib/useDesktop.test.ts
• web/src/lib/useDesktop.ts

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