fix(transaction): preserve commit invariants across retries

[aarushigupta132]

Which issue does this PR close?

Prerequisite for the focused UpdateSchema series split from #3069.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Keeps only the first transaction requirement for each protected metadata value, so later actions do not replace requirements derived from the transaction base.
• Adds a base-table UUID requirement to every non-empty catalog commit and rejects retry rebases when an identifier resolves to a recreated table.
• Avoids rebuilding metadata or issuing a catalog update when actions produce no updates.

This is independently mergeable and adds no sorting or partition-evolution API.

Are these changes tested?

Yes. Focused transaction tests cover requirement scoping, table recreation both during retry and at the catalog-update boundary, no-op suppression, retry behavior, and encrypted-table commits. Formatting and all-feature library Clippy pass.