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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Lesson 22: Python Encapsulation, Inner Classes, and File Handling — Techbase Python</title>
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:root{--acc:#059669;--acd:#047857;--acp:#ecfdf5;--acb:rgba(5,150,105,.22);--acs:rgba(5,150,105,.28);
--bg:#f8fafc;--sf:#fff;--br:#e2e8f0;--tx:#0f172a;--t2:#334155;--mu:#64748b;
--D:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif;--B:'Plus Jakarta Sans',sans-serif;--M:'JetBrains Mono',monospace}
*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
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/* NAV */
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backdrop-filter:blur(14px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--br);height:64px;
display:flex;align-items:center;padding:0 1.5rem;justify-content:space-between;
box-shadow:0 1px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06)}
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text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em}
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display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.3rem;transition:color .2s;padding:.4rem .8rem;
border-radius:8px;border:1.5px solid var(--br)}
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.l-nav-lbl{font-family:var(--M);font-size:.72rem;color:var(--mu)}
/* PROGRESS */
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.pb{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--acd));
transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);width:0%;position:relative}
.pb::after{content:'';position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:24px;
background:inherit;filter:brightness(1.4);animation:pg 1.5s ease-in-out infinite}
@keyframes pg{0%,100%{opacity:1}50%{opacity:.35}}
/* HERO */
.l-hero{padding:88px 1.5rem 2.5rem;background:linear-gradient(160deg,#ecfdf5 0%,#f8fafc 55%,#d1fae5 100%);border-bottom:1px solid var(--br)}
.l-hero-in{max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:2rem;flex-wrap:wrap}
.l-hero-logo{flex-shrink:0}
.l-hero-logo img{height:80px;width:auto;opacity:.92}
.l-hero-text{flex:1}
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border:1.5px solid var(--acb);margin-bottom:.9rem}
.l-hero h1{font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:clamp(1.6rem,4vw,2.4rem);
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.l-hero-sub{font-size:1rem;color:var(--mu)}
/* WELCOME BOX */
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box-shadow:0 2px 14px var(--acs)}
.wb h2{font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:1.1rem;color:var(--acd);
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.wm span{background:var(--acp);color:var(--acd);border:1px solid var(--acb);
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/* PHASE */
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margin-bottom:1.6rem;overflow:hidden;
transition:opacity .35s,filter .35s,transform .35s;
box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.04)}
.phase.locked{opacity:.28;pointer-events:none;filter:blur(2px);transform:scale(.99)}
.ph{padding:1.1rem 1.5rem;background:#f0fdf6;border-bottom:1px solid var(--br);
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text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--acc);white-space:nowrap}
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transition:background .3s,transform .45s}
.pc.done{background:#10b981;color:#fff;transform:scale(1.15) rotate(360deg)}
.pb2{padding:1.8rem 2rem}
/* RICH CONTENT */
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padding:1rem 1.3rem;margin:1.1rem 0;font-size:1rem;color:#064e3b;font-style:italic}
.v2-bq p{margin:0;color:inherit}
.v2-hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid var(--br);margin:1.3rem 0}
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.v2-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.95rem}
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font-family:var(--M);font-size:.85em}
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.pb2 strong{color:var(--tx)}
/* CODE BLOCKS */
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border:1px solid #1e293b;box-shadow:0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}
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.v2-code-body{background:#0f172a;padding:1.4rem 1.6rem;overflow-x:auto}
.v2-code-body pre{margin:0}
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color:#e2e8f0;white-space:pre;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:0}
/* TASK BOX */
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padding:1.2rem 1.4rem;margin:1.5rem 0}
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text-transform:uppercase;color:#064e3b;margin-bottom:.55rem;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem}
.task-body{font-size:1rem;color:#064e3b;line-height:1.85}
.task-body code{background:rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:4px;padding:2px 7px;
font-family:var(--M);font-size:.85em}
/* EXERCISE / CHALLENGE */
.chal-box{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ecfdf5 0%,#fff 100%);
border:2px solid var(--acc);border-radius:14px;padding:1.3rem 1.5rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem}
.chal-lbl{font-family:var(--M);font-size:.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;
text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--acd);margin-bottom:.65rem}
.chal-body{font-size:1rem;color:var(--tx);line-height:1.85}
.chal-body code{background:var(--acp);color:var(--acd);border-radius:4px;
padding:2px 6px;font-family:var(--M);font-size:.85em}
.reveal-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;background:transparent;
color:var(--acd);font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;
padding:.65rem 1.3rem;border-radius:9px;border:2px solid var(--acc);cursor:pointer;
transition:background .2s,color .2s;margin:.65rem 0}
.reveal-btn:hover{background:var(--acc);color:#fff}
.reveal-content{display:none;margin-top:.65rem;animation:fi .3s ease}
.reveal-content.open{display:block}
@keyframes fi{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-6px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
/* BUILD IT */
.build-box{background:#f0fdf4;border:2px solid #16a34a;border-radius:16px;
padding:1.8rem;margin:2rem 0;display:none}
.build-box.visible{display:block;animation:fi .4s ease}
.build-lbl{font-family:var(--M);font-size:.68rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;
text-transform:uppercase;color:#15803d;margin-bottom:.5rem}
.build-name{font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:1.2rem;color:#14532d;margin-bottom:.7rem}
.build-req{font-size:1rem;color:#166534;line-height:1.85;margin-bottom:.9rem}
.build-req code{background:rgba(22,163,74,.12);border-radius:4px;
padding:2px 7px;font-family:var(--M);font-size:.85em}
.build-req strong{color:#14532d}
/* GITHUB */
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.gh-hd{padding:1.1rem 1.3rem;background:#f8fafc;cursor:pointer;
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;
font-family:var(--D);font-weight:600;font-size:.95rem;user-select:none;transition:background .2s}
.gh-hd:hover{background:#f1f5f9}
.gh-bd{display:none;padding:1.3rem;border-top:1px solid var(--br)}
.gh-bd.open{display:block;animation:fi .25s ease}
.gh-st{display:flex;gap:.9rem;margin-bottom:1.1rem;align-items:flex-start}
.gh-n{width:28px;height:28px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--acc);color:#fff;
font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:.78rem;
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:3px}
.gh-st p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--t2);line-height:1.75}
.gh-st code{background:var(--acp);color:var(--acd);border-radius:4px;
padding:2px 7px;font-family:var(--M);font-size:.85em}
.gh-nop{background:#fef3c7;border:1.5px solid #fde68a;border-radius:10px;
padding:1.1rem 1.3rem;font-size:.95rem;color:#78350f;line-height:1.8;margin-bottom:1.1rem}
/* SESSION END */
.se{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc),var(--acd));color:#fff;
border-radius:16px;padding:1.8rem 2rem;margin:2rem 0;display:none}
.se.visible{display:block;animation:fi .4s ease}
.se h2{font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:1.15rem;margin-bottom:.85rem}
.se ul{list-style:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.45rem}
.se li{font-size:.95rem;opacity:.93;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem}
.ln-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;background:var(--sf);
color:var(--t2);font-family:var(--D);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;
padding:.7rem 1.3rem;border-radius:8px;text-decoration:none;
border:1.5px solid var(--br);transition:border-color .2s,color .2s}
.ln-btn:hover{border-color:var(--acc);color:var(--acc)}
.ln-btn.primary{background:var(--acc);color:#fff;border-color:var(--acc)}
.ln-btn.primary:hover{opacity:.9}
.ln{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;
padding-top:1.5rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);
margin-top:1.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.75rem}
/* UNLOCK BUTTON */
.ub{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;background:var(--acc);
color:#fff;font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:.95rem;
padding:.8rem 1.7rem;border-radius:10px;border:none;cursor:pointer;
transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s;box-shadow:0 4px 14px var(--acs);margin-top:1.3rem}
.ub:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 8px 22px var(--acs)}
.ub:active{transform:scale(.97)}
/* TOAST */
#toast{position:fixed;bottom:95px;right:1.5rem;z-index:999;background:#1e293b;color:#fff;
border-radius:10px;padding:.8rem 1.3rem;font-family:var(--D);font-size:.9rem;
font-weight:600;box-shadow:0 8px 26px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
transform:translateY(20px);opacity:0;transition:all .3s;pointer-events:none}
#toast.show{transform:translateY(0);opacity:1}
/* GO TO TOP */
#go-top{position:fixed;bottom:1.5rem;right:1.5rem;z-index:300;
width:48px;height:48px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--acc);color:#fff;
border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.2rem;box-shadow:0 4px 16px var(--acs);
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
opacity:0;transform:translateY(10px);transition:opacity .3s,transform .3s,box-shadow .2s;
pointer-events:none}
#go-top.visible{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);pointer-events:auto}
#go-top:hover{box-shadow:0 8px 26px var(--acs);transform:translateY(-2px)}
/* CONFETTI */
#cc{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;z-index:998;display:none}
/* FOOTER */
.lf{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:1rem;
padding:1.6rem 1.5rem;border-top:1px solid var(--br);background:var(--sf)}
.lf img{height:32px;width:auto;opacity:.7}
.lf-text{font-family:var(--M);font-size:.75rem;color:var(--mu)}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<nav class="l-nav">
<a href="../index.html" class="nav-logo-wrap">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<span class="l-nav-lbl">Lesson 22 of 45</span>
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" alt="Techbase Consultant Services">
</div>
<div class="l-hero-text">
<div class="badge">Python · Lesson 22</div>
<h1>Python Encapsulation, Inner Classes, and File Handling</h1>
<div class="l-hero-sub">8 phases · Build: Project Overview</div>
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</div>
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<div style="max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 1.5rem"><div class="wb"><h2>👋 Welcome to Lesson 22</h2><div style="font-size:1rem;line-height:1.85;color:var(--t2)"><p class="v2-p">Welcome to Lesson 22! This lesson covers three powerful topics that every serious Python programmer needs to understand deeply.</p>
<p class="v2-p">We start with <strong>Encapsulation</strong> · the art of protecting your data inside a class so it cannot be changed accidentally from outside. Then we move to <strong>Inner Classes</strong> · classes that live inside other classes, useful for grouping related things together neatly. Finally, we open the door to one of the most practical programming skills of all: <strong>File Handling</strong> · how Python reads files stored on your computer.</p>
<p class="v2-p">By the end of this lesson you will be able to:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Understand what encapsulation is, why it matters, and how to use private and protected properties in Python</li><li>Create getter and setter methods to safely read and change private data</li><li>Understand name mangling · how Python secretly renames private attributes</li><li>Create inner classes and understand how they relate to outer classes</li><li>Open a file using Python's built-in <code>open()</code> function</li><li>Read the full contents of a file, read specific numbers of characters, and read files line by line</li><li>Use the <code>with</code> statement to open files safely and automatically close them</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">This lesson connects directly to the real world: from banking systems that protect your account balance, to software that reads and processes log files, sensor data, or student records.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"></div><div class="wm"><span>📚 8 phases</span><span>🏗️ Project Overview</span><span>🐍 GitHub Repo</span></div></div></div>
</section>
<main style="max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:2rem 1.5rem 5rem">
<div class="phase" id="phase1"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 1 of 8</div><div class="pt">Lesson Introduction</div><div class="pc" id="chk1"></div></div><div class="pb2"><p class="v2-p">Welcome to Lesson 22! This lesson covers three powerful topics that every serious Python programmer needs to understand deeply.</p>
<p class="v2-p">We start with <strong>Encapsulation</strong> · the art of protecting your data inside a class so it cannot be changed accidentally from outside. Then we move to <strong>Inner Classes</strong> · classes that live inside other classes, useful for grouping related things together neatly. Finally, we open the door to one of the most practical programming skills of all: <strong>File Handling</strong> · how Python reads files stored on your computer.</p>
<p class="v2-p">By the end of this lesson you will be able to:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Understand what encapsulation is, why it matters, and how to use private and protected properties in Python</li><li>Create getter and setter methods to safely read and change private data</li><li>Understand name mangling · how Python secretly renames private attributes</li><li>Create inner classes and understand how they relate to outer classes</li><li>Open a file using Python's built-in <code>open()</code> function</li><li>Read the full contents of a file, read specific numbers of characters, and read files line by line</li><li>Use the <code>with</code> statement to open files safely and automatically close them</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">This lesson connects directly to the real world: from banking systems that protect your account balance, to software that reads and processes log files, sensor data, or student records.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Lesson Introduction</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(1)">Start Lesson ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase2"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 2 of 8</div><div class="pt">Prerequisite Concepts</div><div class="pc" id="chk2"></div></div><div class="pb2"><p class="v2-p">Before starting, make sure you are comfortable with these ideas from earlier lessons:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><strong>Classes and Objects</strong> · you know how to define a class, create an object, and use <code>self</code></li><li><strong>The <code>__init__</code> method</strong> · you know how to set up a class with starting properties</li><li><strong>Class methods</strong> · you know how to define functions inside a class</li><li><strong>Inheritance and Polymorphism</strong> · you have seen how classes can share and override behaviour (Lessons 20 · 21)</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">If any of these feel shaky, quickly re-read those lessons before continuing. This lesson builds directly on them.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Prerequisite Concepts</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(2)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase3"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 3 of 8</div><div class="pt">Part 1: Python Encapsulation</div><div class="pc" id="chk3"></div></div><div class="pb2"><hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.1 What Is Encapsulation?</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Let us start with a real-life story.</p>
<p class="v2-p">Imagine you walk into a bank in Lagos and ask the teller to see a customer's account balance. The teller refuses · that information is protected. You cannot just reach into the filing cabinet and read it yourself. Instead, you must go through the proper channels: fill a form, verify your identity, and only then does the bank give you what you are allowed to see.</p>
<p class="v2-p">This is exactly what encapsulation does in programming.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Encapsulation</strong> means keeping data (properties) and methods (functions) bundled inside a class, while controlling how that data can be accessed or changed from outside the class.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why does it exist?</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">Without encapsulation, any part of your program can directly change any variable in your class · even by accident. Imagine a <code>Student</code> class where the student's grade can be changed to <code>500</code> by mistake. Encapsulation stops this by protecting the grade behind a controlled gate.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What problem does it solve?</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">It protects data from:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Accidental changes (a bug sets age to a negative number)</li><li>Invalid values (someone sets a student's score to <code>999</code> out of <code>100</code>)</li><li>Unauthorised access (outside code reading sensitive information)</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>How does it work?</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">Python uses special naming rules to mark properties as private or protected.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.2 Public, Protected, and Private Properties</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Python has three levels of access for class properties:</p>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Level</th><th>Prefix</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Public</td><td><code>name</code></td><td>Anyone can access it</td></tr><tr><td>Protected</td><td><code>_name</code></td><td>Intended for internal/subclass use only</td></tr><tr><td>Private</td><td><code>__name</code></td><td>Strongly restricted · only the class itself can use it</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p class="v2-p">Let us explore each one.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.3 Public Properties (No Prefix)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A normal property with no underscore is <strong>public</strong>. Anyone can read or change it freely.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # Public property — anyone can access this
s = Student("Amaka")
print(s.name) # Access directly from outside — this is fine
s.name = "Ngozi" # Change directly — also fine for public data
print(s.name)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Amaka
Ngozi</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Public properties are simple and fine for data that does not need protection.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.4 Protected Properties (Single Underscore <code>_</code>)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A single underscore <code>_</code> before a property name signals: <strong>"This is intended for internal use. Be careful with it."</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, owner, balance):
self.owner = owner
self._balance = balance # Protected — a gentle warning, not enforced
account = BankAccount("Emeka", 50000)
print(account.owner) # Fine — public
print(account._balance) # Works, but it is a signal: "you shouldn't do this"</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Emeka
50000</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Important:</strong> A single underscore is <strong>only a convention</strong> · a polite message to other programmers. Python does NOT actually stop anyone from accessing <code>_balance</code>. It is like a sign on a door that says "Staff Only" · people can still walk in, but they know they probably shouldn't.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.5 Private Properties (Double Underscore <code>__</code>)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A double underscore <code>__</code> before a property name makes it <strong>private</strong>. Python enforces this much more strongly using a technique called <strong>name mangling</strong> (we will explain this shortly).</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name # Public
self.__age = age # Private — cannot be accessed directly from outside
p1 = Person("Tunde", 30)
print(p1.name) # Works fine
print(p1.__age) # This will CAUSE AN ERROR</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Tunde
AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute '__age'</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">The line <code>print(p1.__age)</code> crashes because Python has hidden <code>__age</code> under a different internal name. This is intentional · Python is protecting your data.</p>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Think about it:</strong> Why did <code>__age</code> cause an error but <code>_balance</code> did not? The double underscore triggers Python's name mangling system, which we explore in Section 1.8.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.6 Getter Methods · Reading Private Data Safely</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Since private properties cannot be read directly from outside, we create a <strong>getter method</strong> · a specially named function inside the class that returns the private value.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What is a getter?</strong> It is simply a method that "gets" (retrieves) the value of a private property and hands it to whoever asks, in a controlled way.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age # Private property
def get_age(self): # Getter method
return self.__age # Returns the private value safely
p1 = Person("Chioma", 25)
print(p1.name) # Direct access to public property — fine
print(p1.get_age()) # Using the getter to access private age — safe and controlled</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Chioma
25</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Line by line explanation:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>self.__age = age</code> · stores age as a private property; the double underscore hides it</li><li><code>def get_age(self)</code> · defines a method inside the class; only this method can touch <code>__age</code></li><li><code>return self.__age</code> · the getter reads <code>__age</code> from inside the class (where it is allowed) and returns it</li><li><code>p1.get_age()</code> · from outside the class, we call the getter and receive the age safely</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.7 Setter Methods · Changing Private Data Safely (With Validation)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>setter method</strong> "sets" (changes) the value of a private property. The setter's real power is that it can <strong>validate</strong> the new value before saving it, rejecting any bad input.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why is this powerful?</strong> Without a setter, if someone types <code>p1.__age = -5</code>, age becomes negative · which makes no real-world sense. With a setter, you write rules that reject invalid input.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age
def get_age(self):
return self.__age
def set_age(self, age): # Setter method
if age > 0: # Validate: age must be a positive number
self.__age = age # Only update if the value is valid
else:
print("Age must be a positive number!") # Reject invalid input
p1 = Person("Tobi", 25)
print(p1.get_age()) # 25
p1.set_age(26) # Valid change
print(p1.get_age()) # 26
p1.set_age(-10) # Invalid — should be rejected
print(p1.get_age()) # Still 26 — the bad value was blocked</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>25
26
Age must be a positive number!
26</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">This is encapsulation at work: the data is protected, changes go through a validation gate, and bad values are rejected cleanly.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.8 Practical Encapsulation with Validation · A Student Grade System</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Let us see encapsulation solving a real problem: protecting a student's grade so that no invalid score can be saved.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.__grade = 0 # Private grade, starts at 0
def set_grade(self, grade):
if 0 <= grade <= 100: # Grade must be between 0 and 100
self.__grade = grade
else:
print("Grade must be between 0 and 100!")
def get_grade(self):
return self.__grade
def get_status(self):
if self.__grade >= 50: # Nigerian passing mark
return "Passed"
else:
return "Failed"
# Testing the Student class
student = Student("Babajide")
student.set_grade(78)
print(f"Name: {student.name}")
print(f"Grade: {student.get_grade()}")
print(f"Status: {student.get_status()}")
student.set_grade(120) # Invalid — should be rejected
print(f"Grade after invalid attempt: {student.get_grade()}") # Still 78</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Name: Babajide
Grade: 78
Status: Passed
Grade must be between 0 and 100!
Grade after invalid attempt: 78</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Real-world connection:</strong> School management systems, university portals (like JUPEB or JAMB), and hospital patient record systems all use encapsulation to prevent invalid data from entering their databases.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.9 Private Methods · Hiding Internal Logic</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Just like private properties, you can also make <strong>methods</strong> private. A private method can only be called from inside the class itself · not from outside.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why would you want this?</strong> Sometimes a method is just a helper that does internal work that outside code should never call directly. Think of it as a factory machine's internal gears · the public only presses the button (public method), not the individual gears (private methods).</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
self.result = 0
def __validate(self, num): # Private method — only used inside the class
if not isinstance(num, (int, float)):
return False # Not a valid number
return True
def add(self, num): # Public method — anyone can call this
if self.__validate(num): # Calls the private validator internally
self.result += num
else:
print(f"Invalid input: {num} is not a number!")
# Using the Calculator
calc = Calculator()
calc.add(10)
calc.add(5.5)
calc.add("hello") # Invalid — will be caught
print(calc.result) # Should be 15.5
# Trying to call the private method directly
calc.__validate(5) # This will CAUSE AN ERROR</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Invalid input: hello is not a number!
15.5
AttributeError: 'Calculator' object has no attribute '__validate'</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">The <code>__validate</code> method is invisible from outside the class · exactly as intended.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.10 Name Mangling · The Secret Behind <code>__</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">You now know that <code>__age</code> causes an <code>AttributeError</code> when accessed from outside the class. But here is an interesting technical detail: Python does NOT delete <code>__age</code>. Instead, it <strong>renames it</strong> automatically.</p>
<p class="v2-p">When you write <code>__age</code> inside a class called <code>Person</code>, Python secretly renames it to <code>_Person__age</code>. This is called <strong>name mangling</strong>.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age # Python internally stores this as _Person__age
p1 = Person("Kemi", 30)
# Normal access — causes an error
# print(p1.__age) # AttributeError
# Name mangling — accessing the renamed version (NOT recommended!)
print(p1._Person__age) # This works, but it is bad practice</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>30</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Important:</strong> Even though name mangling lets you access <code>_Person__age</code>, you should <strong>never</strong> do this in real code. It defeats the entire purpose of encapsulation. The rule exists only so Python's own internal systems (like inheritance) can still function properly.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.11 Summary: Why Use Encapsulation?</h3>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Benefit</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Data Protection</strong></td><td>Private data cannot be changed accidentally from outside</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Validation</strong></td><td>Setters can reject invalid values before they are stored</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Flexibility</strong></td><td>You can change internal logic later without breaking external code</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Control</strong></td><td>You decide exactly what outside code is allowed to see and change</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">`
Expected output in terminal:
`
30
`
> Important: Even though name mangling lets you access _Person__age, you should never do this in real code. It defeats the entire purpose of encapsulation. The rule exists only so Python's own internal systems (like inheritance) can still function properly. · </div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(3)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase4"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 4 of 8</div><div class="pt">Part 2: Python Inner Classes</div><div class="pc" id="chk4"></div></div><div class="pb2"><hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.1 What Is an Inner Class?</h3>
<p class="v2-p">An <strong>inner class</strong> is a class that is defined <strong>inside</strong> another class.</p>
<p class="v2-p">Think of it like a house (outer class) that contains rooms (inner classes). The rooms exist inside the house and belong to it. Rooms are not visible from the street · you have to enter the house first.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why do inner classes exist?</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">When a class is only useful inside one specific class and nowhere else, it makes sense to define it <em>inside</em> that class. This keeps your code organised and makes it clear that the inner class is a private helper belonging to the outer class.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.2 Defining a Basic Inner Class</h3>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Outer:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "I am the Outer Class"
class Inner: # Inner class defined inside Outer
def __init__(self):
self.name = "I am the Inner Class"
def display(self):
print("Hello from the inner class!")
# Create an object of the outer class
outer = Outer()
print(outer.name) # Access the outer class property directly</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>I am the Outer Class</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Notice that printing <code>outer.name</code> only gives us the outer class's name. The inner class has not been used yet · it is just defined, waiting to be accessed.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.3 Accessing the Inner Class from Outside</h3>
<p class="v2-p">To use the inner class, you first create an outer object, then use that outer object to create an inner object.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Outer:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "Outer"
class Inner:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "Inner"
def display(self):
print("Hello from the inner class!")
# Step 1: Create an object of the outer class
outer = Outer()
# Step 2: Use the outer object to create an inner class object
inner = outer.Inner() # Note the syntax: outer_object.InnerClassName()
# Step 3: Now use the inner object normally
inner.display()
print(inner.name)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello from the inner class!
Inner</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Line by line:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>outer = Outer()</code> · creates the outer object as usual</li><li><code>inner = outer.Inner()</code> · creates an inner class object; notice we access <code>Inner</code> through the outer object</li><li><code>inner.display()</code> · calls the method on the inner object</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.4 Passing the Outer Object to the Inner Class</h3>
<p class="v2-p">By default, an inner class <strong>cannot</strong> automatically see the outer class's properties. If you want the inner class to access the outer class's data, you must <strong>pass the outer object in</strong> as a parameter.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Outer:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "Emeka" # Outer property
class Inner:
def __init__(self, outer): # Accept the outer object as parameter
self.outer = outer # Store the reference
def display(self):
print(f"The outer class name is: {self.outer.name}") # Access outer data
# Create outer object
outer = Outer()
# Pass the outer object into the inner class
inner = outer.Inner(outer) # outer is passed as the argument
inner.display()</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>The outer class name is: Emeka</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Think about it:</strong> Why do you have to pass <code>outer</code> explicitly? Because unlike some other languages, Python inner classes do NOT automatically share a reference with their outer class. You must make the connection manually.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.5 A Practical Example · Car and Engine</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Inner classes are very useful when you have a "contains" relationship. For example, a car <strong>contains</strong> an engine. The engine on its own means nothing · it only makes sense inside a car.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
self.engine = self.Engine() # Create an Engine object as part of the Car
class Engine:
def __init__(self):
self.status = "Off" # Engine starts off
def start(self):
self.status = "Running"
print("Engine started!")
def stop(self):
self.status = "Off"
print("Engine stopped!")
def drive(self):
if self.engine.status == "Running":
print(f"Driving the {self.brand} {self.model}. Vroom!")
else:
print("Start the engine first!")
# Creating and using the Car
toyota = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
toyota.drive() # Engine is off — cannot drive yet
toyota.engine.start() # Start the engine
toyota.drive() # Now we can drive
toyota.engine.stop() # Stop engine</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Start the engine first!
Engine started!
Driving the Toyota Camry. Vroom!
Engine stopped!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Notice how the <code>Engine</code> class is defined inside <code>Car</code>. From outside, you access it as <code>toyota.engine.start()</code>. This feels natural · you are saying "the car's engine, start."</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.6 Multiple Inner Classes</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A single outer class can contain multiple inner classes.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Computer:
def __init__(self):
self.cpu = self.CPU() # Create a CPU object
self.ram = self.RAM() # Create a RAM object
class CPU:
def process(self):
print("CPU is processing data...")
class RAM:
def store(self):
print("RAM is storing data temporarily...")
# Using the Computer
my_pc = Computer()
my_pc.cpu.process()
my_pc.ram.store()</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>CPU is processing data...
RAM is storing data temporarily...</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">This pattern is useful when modelling systems that have multiple distinct components · a computer with a CPU and RAM, a hospital with a Reception and a Laboratory, or an e-commerce order with a Cart and a Payment system.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.7 A Nigerian Context Example · Hospital System</h3>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Hospital:
def __init__(self, name, location):
self.name = name
self.location = location
self.reception = self.Reception()
self.lab = self.Laboratory()
class Reception:
def check_in(self, patient_name):
print(f"Welcome, {patient_name}! Please take a seat.")
class Laboratory:
def run_test(self, test_name):
print(f"Running {test_name} test. Please wait...")
# Using the Hospital system
lasuth = Hospital("LASUTH", "Ikeja, Lagos")
lasuth.reception.check_in("Adaeze Okafor")
lasuth.lab.run_test("Malaria Parasite")</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Welcome, Adaeze Okafor! Please take a seat.
Running Malaria Parasite test. Please wait...</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>: Python Inner Classes</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(4)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase5"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 5 of 8</div><div class="pt">Part 3: Python File Handling</div><div class="pc" id="chk5"></div></div><div class="pb2"><hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.1 Why File Handling Matters</h3>
<p class="v2-p">So far, all the data in your programs disappears when the program stops running. Variables, lists, and class objects · they all live in the computer's memory and vanish when you close the program.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>File handling</strong> solves this problem. It lets Python programs:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Read data saved in <code>.txt</code>, <code>.csv</code>, or other files</li><li>Save results and reports to files that persist after the program ends</li><li>Process large datasets (like patient records, sales data, or school results) stored on disk</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">In the real world, file handling is used in every domain: banks process transaction logs, schools process result sheets, weather stations log temperature data, and mobile apps store user preferences.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.2 The Four File Modes</h3>
<p class="v2-p">When you open a file in Python, you must tell Python <strong>what you intend to do</strong> with it. This is called the <strong>mode</strong>.</p>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Mode</th><th>Symbol</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Read</td><td><code>"r"</code></td><td>Open file for reading. Error if file does not exist. (Default)</td></tr><tr><td>Append</td><td><code>"a"</code></td><td>Open file to add new content at the end. Creates file if missing.</td></tr><tr><td>Write</td><td><code>"w"</code></td><td>Open file to write (overwrite). Creates file if missing.</td></tr><tr><td>Create</td><td><code>"x"</code></td><td>Create a new file. Error if file already exists.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p class="v2-p">There are also two format modes you can combine:</p>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Format</th><th>Symbol</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Text</td><td><code>"t"</code></td><td>Read or write as plain text. (Default)</td></tr><tr><td>Binary</td><td><code>"b"</code></td><td>Read or write as raw bytes (for images, PDFs, etc.)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.3 The <code>open()</code> Function · The Gateway to Files</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The <code>open()</code> function is Python's built-in way to open any file.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>open(filename, mode)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">The simplest usage:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("demofile.txt") # Opens in read mode ("r") and text mode ("t") by default</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">This is exactly the same as:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("demofile.txt", "rt") # "r" = read, "t" = text — these are the defaults</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Important:</strong> If the file does not exist when using <code>"r"</code> mode, Python raises a <code>FileNotFoundError</code>. Always make sure the file exists before reading it.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.4 Reading a File · The <code>read()</code> Method</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Once you have opened a file, use the <code>read()</code> method to get all of its contents as one big string.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>First, create the file to work with.</strong> Imagine this file called <code>demofile.txt</code> exists in the same folder as your Python script, with these contents:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Now let us read it:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("demofile.txt") # Open the file
content = f.read() # Read ALL contents into a string
print(content) # Print the contents
f.close() # Always close the file when done!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Line by line:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>f = open("demofile.txt")</code> · opens the file and returns a <strong>file object</strong> stored in <code>f</code></li><li><code>f.read()</code> · reads the entire content of the file as one string</li><li><code>print(content)</code> · displays the content</li><li><code>f.close()</code> · closes the file; very important! Unclosed files can waste resources or cause data loss</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.5 Reading a File from a Different Location</h3>
<p class="v2-p">If the file is not in the same folder as your Python script, you must provide the full file path.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code># On Windows:
f = open("C:\\Users\\Babatunde\\Documents\\demofile.txt")
print(f.read())
f.close()
# On Mac/Linux:
f = open("/home/babatunde/Documents/demofile.txt")
print(f.read())
f.close()</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Note:</strong> On Windows, use double backslash <code>\\</code> or a raw string <code>r"C:\path\to\file.txt"</code> to avoid Python misreading the backslash as an escape character.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.6 The <code>with</code> Statement · The Safe Way to Open Files</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The safest and most Pythonic way to open files is using the <code>with</code> statement. When you use <code>with</code>, Python automatically closes the file for you when the block finishes · even if an error occurs.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f: # File opens here
content = f.read() # Read the content
print(content)
# File is automatically closed here — no need to call f.close()</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Best Practice:</strong> Always use the <code>with</code> statement when working with files. It is cleaner, safer, and prevents common mistakes like forgetting to close the file.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.7 Reading a Specific Number of Characters</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Instead of reading the whole file at once, you can tell <code>read()</code> exactly how many characters to return.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
print(f.read(5)) # Read only the first 5 characters</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">"Hello" is the first 5 characters of <code>"Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt"</code>. The rest of the file is not touched.</p>
<p class="v2-p">Another example:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
print(f.read(12)) # Read first 12 characters</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcom</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Think about it:</strong> What would happen if you called <code>f.read(5)</code> twice in a row? Try to predict the answer before looking at the next section!</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.8 Reading One Line at a Time · The <code>readline()</code> Method</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The <code>readline()</code> method reads one line from the file each time you call it.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Reading one line:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
print(f.readline()) # Reads the first line</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Reading two lines:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
print(f.readline()) # First line
print(f.readline()) # Second line</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Each call to <code>readline()</code> moves forward by one line. Think of it like a cursor that moves down the page one line at a time.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.9 Reading All Lines · Looping Through the File</h3>
<p class="v2-p">To read the entire file line by line (useful for processing large files), loop through the file object directly using a <code>for</code> loop.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print(line)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Why are there blank lines between each line?</strong> Each line in the file already ends with a newline character (<code>\n</code>). Then <code>print()</code> adds another newline by default. Use <code>print(line, end="")</code> to remove the extra blank lines.</p></blockquote>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>with open("demofile.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print(line, end="") # end="" prevents double spacing</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.10 Closing Files Manually</h3>
<p class="v2-p">If you are <strong>not</strong> using the <code>with</code> statement, you <strong>must</strong> close the file manually using <code>f.close()</code>.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("demofile.txt")
print(f.readline())
f.close() # ALWAYS close the file when you are done</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p"><strong>Why is closing important?</strong> When a file is open, the operating system "locks" it in memory. Unclosed files waste memory, can cause data not to be saved properly, and may prevent other programs from accessing the same file. Always close files when you are done · or better, use <code>with</code> and let Python handle it.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>: Python File Handling</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(5)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase6"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 6 of 8</div><div class="pt">Guided Practice Exercises</div><div class="pc" id="chk6"></div></div><div class="pb2"><div class="chal-box"><div class="chal-lbl">🎯 Your Challenge</div><div class="chal-body"><hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Exercise 1: Encapsulation · Building a Bank Account</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Objective:</strong> Apply encapsulation to protect sensitive financial data.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You are building a simple bank account system for First Bank Nigeria. The account balance must be private. No one should be able to directly change the balance · all deposits and withdrawals must go through validated methods.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Steps:</strong></p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Create a <code>BankAccount</code> class with:</li></ol>
<p class="v2-p">- A public property: <code>owner</code> (the account holder's name) - A private property: <code>__balance</code> (starting balance)</p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Add a getter <code>get_balance()</code> that returns the balance</li><li>Add a method <code>deposit(amount)</code> that adds to the balance (reject amounts ≤ 0)</li><li>Add a method <code>withdraw(amount)</code> that subtracts from the balance (reject if amount > balance or ≤ 0)</li><li>Test your class with deposits and withdrawals</li></ol>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Hint:</strong> Use <code>if amount > 0</code> to validate before changing <code>__balance</code>.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Solution:</strong></p></div></div><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Guided Practice Exercises</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="reveal-btn" onclick="toggleReveal(this)">Reveal Answer 👁️</button><div class="reveal-content"><div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, owner, initial_balance):
self.owner = owner
self.__balance = initial_balance # Private — cannot be changed directly
def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
def deposit(self, amount):
if amount > 0:
self.__balance += amount
print(f"Deposited ₦{amount:,}. New balance: ₦{self.__balance:,}")
else:
print("Deposit amount must be greater than zero!")
def withdraw(self, amount):
if amount <= 0:
print("Withdrawal amount must be greater than zero!")
elif amount > self.__balance:
print("Insufficient funds!")
else:
self.__balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrew ₦{amount:,}. New balance: ₦{self.__balance:,}")
# Testing the BankAccount
account = BankAccount("Ngozi Adeyemi", 100000)
print(f"Account owner: {account.owner}")
print(f"Opening balance: ₦{account.get_balance():,}")
account.deposit(50000)
account.withdraw(20000)
account.withdraw(200000) # Should fail — insufficient funds
account.deposit(-5000) # Should fail — invalid amount
print(f"Final balance: ₦{account.get_balance():,}")</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Account owner: Ngozi Adeyemi
Opening balance: ₦100,000
Deposited ₦50,000. New balance: ₦150,000
Withdrew ₦20,000. New balance: ₦130,000
Insufficient funds!
Deposit amount must be greater than zero!
Final balance: ₦130,000</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Self-check questions:</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>What happens if you try <code>account.__balance</code>? Why?</li><li>Could you change the balance to <code>999999999</code> without going through <code>deposit()</code>? Why not?</li><li>What makes <code>deposit()</code> and <code>withdraw()</code> better than direct access?</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Exercise 2: Inner Classes · University Department System</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Objective:</strong> Use inner classes to model a university with departments.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> University of Lagos (UNILAG) needs a class to represent a department. Each department has a <code>Lecturer</code> inner class and a <code>Course</code> inner class.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Steps:</strong></p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Create a <code>Department</code> class with properties: <code>name</code> and <code>faculty</code></li><li>Create an inner class <code>Lecturer</code> with: <code>lecturer_name</code> and a <code>teach()</code> method</li><li>Create an inner class <code>Course</code> with: <code>course_title</code>, <code>course_code</code>, and a <code>describe()</code> method</li><li>Pass the outer <code>Department</code> object to <code>Lecturer</code> so the lecturer knows which department they belong to</li><li>Create a Department, some Lecturers, and some Courses, and print information about them</li></ol>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Solution:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Department:
def __init__(self, name, faculty):
self.name = name
self.faculty = faculty
class Lecturer:
def __init__(self, lecturer_name, outer_dept):
self.lecturer_name = lecturer_name
self.department = outer_dept # Reference to the outer class
def teach(self):
print(f"Dr. {self.lecturer_name} is teaching in the {self.department.name} department.")
class Course:
def __init__(self, course_title, course_code):
self.course_title = course_title
self.course_code = course_code
def describe(self):
print(f"Course: {self.course_title} ({self.course_code})")
# Creating the Department
cs_dept = Department("Computer Science", "Science and Technology")
# Creating Lecturers (passing the outer department object)
lecturer1 = cs_dept.Lecturer("Adewale Ogundimu", cs_dept)
lecturer2 = cs_dept.Lecturer("Fatima Bello", cs_dept)
# Creating Courses
course1 = cs_dept.Course("Introduction to Python", "CSC 101")
course2 = cs_dept.Course("Data Structures", "CSC 202")
# Using everything
lecturer1.teach()
lecturer2.teach()
course1.describe()
course2.describe()</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Dr. Adewale Ogundimu is teaching in the Computer Science department.
Dr. Fatima Bello is teaching in the Computer Science department.
Course: Introduction to Python (CSC 101)
Course: Data Structures (CSC 202)</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Exercise 3: File Reading · Student Results Processor</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Objective:</strong> Practice reading a file line by line and processing each line.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> Your school in Abuja keeps student results in a text file called <code>results.txt</code>. You need to read it and display each student's result.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Step 1:</strong> First create the file. In your terminal or text editor, create <code>results.txt</code> with this content:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Adaobi Nwosu: 85
Kayode Fashola: 72
Zainab Musa: 91
Emeka Obi: 65
Halima Yusuf: 55</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Step 2:</strong> Write Python to read and process this file.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Steps:</strong></p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Open <code>results.txt</code> using a <code>with</code> statement</li><li>Loop through the file line by line</li><li>Print each line cleanly (remove extra spaces with <code>.strip()</code>)</li><li>Identify students who passed (score ≥ 50) and who failed</li></ol>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Solution:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code># Reading and processing student results
print("=== STUDENT RESULTS ===\n")
with open("results.txt") as f:
for line in f:
line = line.strip() # Remove any leading/trailing whitespace or newlines
if line: # Only process non-empty lines
# Split at the colon to get name and score
parts = line.split(": ")
name = parts[0]
score = int(parts[1])
if score >= 50:
status = "PASSED"
else:
status = "FAILED"
print(f"{name}: {score}/100 — {status}")</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected output in terminal:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>=== STUDENT RESULTS ===
Adaobi Nwosu: 85/100 — PASSED
Kayode Fashola: 72/100 — PASSED
Zainab Musa: 91/100 — PASSED
Emeka Obi: 65/100 — PASSED
Halima Yusuf: 55/100 — PASSED</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Self-check questions:</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>What does <code>.strip()</code> do? What would happen without it?</li><li>Why does the loop not need <code>f.close()</code>?</li><li>How would you change the passing mark to 60?</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr"></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(6)">Mark Complete and Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase7"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 7 of 8</div><div class="pt">Common Beginner Mistakes</div><div class="pc" id="chk7"></div></div><div class="pb2"><hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Mistake 1: Trying to access a private property directly</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Wrong:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, age):
self.__age = age
p = Person(25)
print(p.__age) # AttributeError!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Correct:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Person:
def __init__(self, age):
self.__age = age
def get_age(self):
return self.__age # Use a getter
p = Person(25)
print(p.get_age()) # Works correctly</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Mistake 2: Confusing <code>_</code> (single underscore) with <code>__</code> (double underscore)</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Common confusion:</strong> Students think <code>_salary</code> is the same as <code>__salary</code>. They are not. Single underscore is a convention with no enforcement. Double underscore triggers name mangling.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Staff:
def __init__(self, salary):
self._salary = salary # Only a convention — still accessible
self.__secret = "hidden" # Enforced — triggers name mangling
s = Staff(50000)
print(s._salary) # Works (just a warning to developers)
print(s.__secret) # AttributeError</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Mistake 3: Forgetting to pass the outer object to the inner class</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Wrong:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Outer:
def __init__(self):
self.city = "Lagos"
class Inner:
def show(self):
print(self.city) # ERROR — Inner doesn't know about 'city'
o = Outer()
i = o.Inner()
i.show() # AttributeError</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Correct:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>class Outer:
def __init__(self):
self.city = "Lagos"
class Inner:
def __init__(self, outer):
self.outer = outer # Store the outer reference
def show(self):
print(self.outer.city) # Access through the stored reference
o = Outer()
i = o.Inner(o) # Pass the outer object
i.show() # Lagos</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Mistake 4: Forgetting to close a file (when not using <code>with</code>)</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Wrong:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("myfile.txt")
print(f.read())
# Forgot to close! Bad practice.</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Correct Option A · Manual close:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">❐ Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>f = open("myfile.txt")