techbase-python/lessons/lesson_08.html at main · techbaseng/techbase-python · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Lesson 08: Python Lists Advanced: Looping, Comprehensions, Sorting, Copying, Joining &amp; Methods — Techbase Python</title>
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.se ul{list-style:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.45rem}
.se li{font-size:.95rem;opacity:.93;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem}
.ln-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;background:var(--sf);
  color:var(--t2);font-family:var(--D);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;
  padding:.7rem 1.3rem;border-radius:8px;text-decoration:none;
  border:1.5px solid var(--br);transition:border-color .2s,color .2s}
.ln-btn:hover{border-color:var(--acc);color:var(--acc)}
.ln-btn.primary{background:var(--acc);color:#fff;border-color:var(--acc)}
.ln-btn.primary:hover{opacity:.9}
.ln{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;
  padding-top:1.5rem;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);
  margin-top:1.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.75rem}

/* UNLOCK BUTTON */
.ub{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;background:var(--acc);
  color:#fff;font-family:var(--D);font-weight:700;font-size:.95rem;
  padding:.8rem 1.7rem;border-radius:10px;border:none;cursor:pointer;
  transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s;box-shadow:0 4px 14px var(--acs);margin-top:1.3rem}
.ub:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 8px 22px var(--acs)}
.ub:active{transform:scale(.97)}

/* TOAST */
#toast{position:fixed;bottom:95px;right:1.5rem;z-index:999;background:#1e293b;color:#fff;
  border-radius:10px;padding:.8rem 1.3rem;font-family:var(--D);font-size:.9rem;
  font-weight:600;box-shadow:0 8px 26px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
  transform:translateY(20px);opacity:0;transition:all .3s;pointer-events:none}
#toast.show{transform:translateY(0);opacity:1}

/* GO TO TOP */
#go-top{position:fixed;bottom:1.5rem;right:1.5rem;z-index:300;
  width:48px;height:48px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--acc);color:#fff;
  border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.2rem;box-shadow:0 4px 16px var(--acs);
  display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
  opacity:0;transform:translateY(10px);transition:opacity .3s,transform .3s,box-shadow .2s;
  pointer-events:none}
#go-top.visible{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);pointer-events:auto}
#go-top:hover{box-shadow:0 8px 26px var(--acs);transform:translateY(-2px)}

/* CONFETTI */
#cc{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;z-index:998;display:none}

/* FOOTER */
.lf{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:1rem;
  padding:1.6rem 1.5rem;border-top:1px solid var(--br);background:var(--sf)}
.lf img{height:32px;width:auto;opacity:.7}
.lf-text{font-family:var(--M);font-size:.75rem;color:var(--mu)}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<nav class="l-nav">
  <a href="../index.html" class="nav-logo-wrap">
    <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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" alt="Techbase Consultant Services">
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    <div class="l-hero-text">
      <div class="badge">Python · Lesson 08</div>
      <h1>Python Lists Advanced: Looping, Comprehensions, Sorting, Copying, Joining &amp; Methods</h1>
      <div class="l-hero-sub">10 phases &nbsp;·&nbsp; Build: Project Overview</div>
    </div>
  </div>
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  <div style="max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 1.5rem"><div class="wb"><h2>👋 Welcome to Lesson 08</h2><div style="font-size:1rem;line-height:1.85;color:var(--t2)"><p class="v2-p">Welcome to <strong>Lesson 08</strong> · one of the most practically powerful lessons in your Python journey.</p>
<p class="v2-p">In earlier lessons you learned what a list is, how to create one, and how to read or change items inside it. Now you are going to learn <strong>how to do things with entire lists</strong> · how to move through every item automatically, how to build brand-new lists from scratch in one line, how to put lists in order, how to make safe copies, how to combine two lists together, and how to use Python's built-in list toolbox.</p>
<p class="v2-p">By the end of this lesson you will be able to:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Loop through every item in a list automatically using <code>for</code> and <code>while</code></li><li>Build new lists in one elegant line using <strong>list comprehensions</strong></li><li>Sort a list alphabetically, numerically, in reverse, or using a custom rule</li><li>Copy a list safely so changes to one copy do not accidentally affect the other</li><li>Join two or more lists together</li><li>Use all of Python's built-in list methods (<code>append</code>, <code>remove</code>, <code>pop</code>, <code>count</code>, <code>index</code>, and more)</li><li>Build a realistic mini-project combining all of these skills</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">There is <strong>no assumed prior knowledge</strong> beyond knowing that a list is a collection of items written in square brackets. Every new term will be explained from scratch.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"></div><div class="wm"><span>📚 10 phases</span><span>🏗️ Project Overview</span><span>🐍 GitHub Repo</span></div></div></div>
</section>

<main style="max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:2rem 1.5rem 5rem">
<div class="phase" id="phase1"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 1 of 10</div><div class="pt">Lesson Introduction</div><div class="pc" id="chk1"></div></div><div class="pb2"><p class="v2-p">Welcome to <strong>Lesson 08</strong> · one of the most practically powerful lessons in your Python journey.</p>
<p class="v2-p">In earlier lessons you learned what a list is, how to create one, and how to read or change items inside it. Now you are going to learn <strong>how to do things with entire lists</strong> · how to move through every item automatically, how to build brand-new lists from scratch in one line, how to put lists in order, how to make safe copies, how to combine two lists together, and how to use Python's built-in list toolbox.</p>
<p class="v2-p">By the end of this lesson you will be able to:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Loop through every item in a list automatically using <code>for</code> and <code>while</code></li><li>Build new lists in one elegant line using <strong>list comprehensions</strong></li><li>Sort a list alphabetically, numerically, in reverse, or using a custom rule</li><li>Copy a list safely so changes to one copy do not accidentally affect the other</li><li>Join two or more lists together</li><li>Use all of Python's built-in list methods (<code>append</code>, <code>remove</code>, <code>pop</code>, <code>count</code>, <code>index</code>, and more)</li><li>Build a realistic mini-project combining all of these skills</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">There is <strong>no assumed prior knowledge</strong> beyond knowing that a list is a collection of items written in square brackets. Every new term will be explained from scratch.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Lesson Introduction</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(1)">Start Lesson ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase2"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 2 of 10</div><div class="pt">Prerequisite Concepts (Read This First)</div><div class="pc" id="chk2"></div></div><div class="pb2"><p class="v2-p">Before diving in, let's make sure you are comfortable with three small ideas that appear constantly in this lesson.</p>
<h3 class="v2-h3">What Is a List? (Quick Reminder)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>list</strong> in Python is a container that holds multiple values in a specific order. Each value has a numbered position called an <strong>index</strong>, starting from <code>0</code>.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
#          index 0   index 1   index 2</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">You can access one item by writing <code>fruits[0]</code> (gives <code>"apple"</code>).</p>
<h3 class="v2-h3">What Is a Loop?</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>loop</strong> is a Python instruction that says: <em>"repeat these lines of code multiple times automatically."</em></p>
<p class="v2-p">Without loops, to print three fruits you would write:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>print(fruits[0])
print(fruits[1])
print(fruits[2])</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">That is only 3 lines. But what if you had 1 000 fruits? Loops solve this problem.</p>
<h3 class="v2-h3">What Is a Function / Method?</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>function</strong> is a saved block of code with a name. You run it by writing its name followed by <code>()</code>.</p>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>method</strong> is a function that belongs to a specific thing (like a list). You call it with a dot:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits.sort()    # .sort() is a method that belongs to the list called fruits</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">You will learn many list methods throughout this lesson.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Prerequisite Concepts (Read This First)</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(2)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase3"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 3 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 1 · Looping Through a List</div><div class="pc" id="chk3"></div></div><div class="pb2"><h3 class="v2-h3">1.1 What Is Looping and Why Do We Need It?</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>The problem without loops:</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">Imagine you have a shopping list with 50 items and you want to print all of them. Writing 50 individual <code>print()</code> lines is slow, messy, and impractical. If you add item 51 later, you have to add another line manually.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>The solution · a loop:</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">A loop says: <em>"Go through every item in this list, one at a time, and do something with each one."</em> The loop adjusts automatically no matter how many items the list contains.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Real-world analogy:</strong> Think of a cashier at a supermarket. They don't have separate instructions for each product on the conveyor belt. They have one rule: <em>"scan the item, enter the price, move to the next one."</em> That one rule loops over every product automatically. Python loops work the same way.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.2 The <code>for</code> Loop · Looping Directly Through Items</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The most common way to loop through a list in Python is the <code>for</code> loop. It reads almost like plain English.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>for variable_name in list_name:
    # do something with variable_name</code></pre></div></div>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>variable_name</code> is a temporary label you make up · it holds one item from the list at a time.</li><li><code>in list_name</code> tells Python which list to go through.</li><li>The indented block below runs once <strong>for each item</strong>.</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 1 · Print every fruit:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

for x in fruits:
    print(x)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>apple
banana
cherry</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What happened, step by step?</strong></p>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Loop Turn</th><th>What <code>x</code> holds</th><th>What gets printed</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1st</td><td><code>"apple"</code></td><td><code>apple</code></td></tr><tr><td>2nd</td><td><code>"banana"</code></td><td><code>banana</code></td></tr><tr><td>3rd</td><td><code>"cherry"</code></td><td><code>cherry</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p class="v2-p">After the 3rd turn, the list has no more items, so the loop ends automatically.</p>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <strong>Tip:</strong> The variable name <code>x</code> is just a convention. You could write <code>for fruit in fruits:</code> or <code>for item in fruits:</code> · any name works. Pick something readable.</p></blockquote>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 2 · Do something with each item:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>temperatures = [22, 18, 30, 25, 17]

for temp in temperatures:
    print(temp + 273)    # Convert Celsius to Kelvin</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>295
291
303
298
290</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🤔 <strong>Think about it:</strong> What would happen if you added a 6th temperature to the list? Would you need to change the loop?</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.3 The <code>for</code> Loop with <code>range()</code> and Index Numbers</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Sometimes you need to know <strong>which position</strong> (index) you are at, not just the value. This is useful when you want to change items inside the list or when you need to show numbered output.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong><code>range(len(list_name))</code> explained:</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>len(fruits)</code> counts how many items are in the list. For <code>["apple","banana","cherry"]</code> it returns <code>3</code>.</li><li><code>range(3)</code> produces the numbers <code>0, 1, 2</code> · exactly the valid index positions.</li><li>So the loop visits index 0, then 1, then 2.</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 3 · Print with index numbers:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

for i in range(len(fruits)):
    print(i, fruits[i])</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>0 apple
1 banana
2 cherry</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 4 · Number a shopping list starting from 1:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>shopping = [&quot;milk&quot;, &quot;eggs&quot;, &quot;bread&quot;, &quot;butter&quot;]

for i in range(len(shopping)):
    print(str(i + 1) + &quot;. &quot; + shopping[i])</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>1. milk
2. eggs
3. bread
4. butter</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <strong>Note:</strong> We write <code>i + 1</code> because indexes start at 0, but humans count from 1.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.4 The <code>while</code> Loop · Looping with a Condition</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <code>while</code> loop keeps repeating as long as a condition is <code>True</code>. It is another way to loop through a list when you want fine control over how the loop moves.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>i = 0
while i &lt; len(list_name):
    # do something with list_name[i]
    i += 1    # MUST increase i each time, or the loop runs forever!</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 5 · Print every fruit with a <code>while</code> loop:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

i = 0
while i &lt; len(fruits):
    print(fruits[i])
    i += 1</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>apple
banana
cherry</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Step-by-step trace:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Step</th><th><code>i</code> value</th><th>Condition <code>i &lt; 3</code></th><th>What prints</th><th>After <code>i += 1</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>True</td><td>apple</td><td>i = 1</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>True</td><td>banana</td><td>i = 2</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>True</td><td>cherry</td><td>i = 3</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>3</td><td><strong>False</strong> → STOP</td><td> · </td><td> · </td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">⚠️ <strong>Common Beginner Mistake · Forgetting <code>i += 1</code>:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code># WRONG — this runs forever (infinite loop)!
i = 0
while i &lt; len(fruits):
print(fruits[i])
# forgot to write i += 1</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Always make sure your <code>while</code> loop has a line that eventually makes the condition <code>False</code>.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.5 The <code>break</code> Statement · Exiting a Loop Early</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>break</code> immediately exits the loop, even if there are more items left.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 6 · Stop when you find "banana":</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

for x in fruits:
    if x == &quot;banana&quot;:
        break
    print(x)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>apple</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">The loop printed <code>apple</code>, then hit <code>banana</code> and stopped. <code>cherry</code> was never reached.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.6 The <code>continue</code> Statement · Skipping One Item</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>continue</code> skips the rest of the current loop turn and jumps to the next item.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 7 · Skip "banana", print everything else:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

for x in fruits:
    if x == &quot;banana&quot;:
        continue
    print(x)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>apple
cherry</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🤔 <strong>Think about it:</strong> What is the difference between <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code>? <code>break</code> <strong>ends</strong> the loop entirely. <code>continue</code> only <strong>skips</strong> the current item and keeps going.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">1.7 <code>for</code> Loop with <code>else</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">Python has an unusual but useful feature: you can add an <code>else</code> block to a <code>for</code> loop. The <code>else</code> block runs <strong>after the loop finishes normally</strong> (i.e., it did NOT exit via <code>break</code>).</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 8:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]

for x in fruits:
    print(x)
else:
    print(&quot;Loop finished!&quot;)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>apple
banana
cherry
Loop finished!</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Part 1 · Practice Exercise</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You are a teacher and you have a list of student test scores. Write a program that:</p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Prints every score</li><li>Prints how many scores are above 50</li></ol>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>scores = [45, 72, 88, 33, 91, 50, 67]

count_pass = 0

for score in scores:
    print(score)
    if score &gt; 50:
        count_pass += 1

print(&quot;Students who passed:&quot;, count_pass)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>45
72
88
33
91
50
67
Students who passed: 4</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🔍 <strong>Self-check:</strong> Why is 50 not counted as a pass? Because the condition is <code>&gt; 50</code> (strictly greater than), not <code>&gt;= 50</code>.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Looping Through a List</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(3)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase4"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 4 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 2 · List Comprehension</div><div class="pc" id="chk4"></div></div><div class="pb2"><h3 class="v2-h3">2.1 What Is a List Comprehension?</h3>
<p class="v2-p">A <strong>list comprehension</strong> is a special Python syntax that creates a brand-new list in a single line of code.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Without comprehension</strong> (the "old way"):</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
newlist = []

for x in fruits:
    newlist.append(x)

print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>With comprehension</strong> (the "new way"):</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
newlist = [x for x in fruits]

print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Both produce identical results. The comprehension is shorter, faster, and once you understand it, easier to read.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.2 The Anatomy of a List Comprehension</h3>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>newlist = [expression   for item in iterable   if condition]
              ↑               ↑                      ↑
         What to put    Where to get items     Optional filter
         in the list    (a list, range, etc.)</code></pre></div></div>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><strong>expression</strong> · What each item in the new list looks like (could be the item itself, a modified version, etc.)</li><li><strong>for item in iterable</strong> · Loop through every item from a list, range, or other collection</li><li><strong>if condition</strong> · (Optional) Only include items that pass this test</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">Think of it like a sentence: <em>"Give me [expression] for each [item] in [iterable], but only if [condition]."</em></p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.3 Comprehension Without a Condition (Simple Filter)</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 9 · Copy a list:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;mango&quot;]
newlist = [x for x in fruits]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;mango&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.4 Comprehension With a Condition (<code>if</code> Filter)</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 10 · Only fruits whose name contains the letter "a":</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;mango&quot;]
newlist = [x for x in fruits if &quot;a&quot; in x]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;mango&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 11 · Only numbers less than 5 from a range:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>newlist = [x for x in range(10) if x &lt; 5]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🤔 <strong>Think about it:</strong> <code>range(10)</code> produces 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The condition <code>x &lt; 5</code> keeps only 0 through 4.</p></blockquote>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 12 · Exclude one item:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;mango&quot;]
newlist = [x for x in fruits if x != &quot;apple&quot;]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;mango&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.5 Transforming Items (Modifying the Expression)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The <strong>expression</strong> part does not have to be just <code>x</code>. You can apply any transformation.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 13 · Convert all fruits to UPPERCASE:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
newlist = [x.upper() for x in fruits]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;APPLE&#x27;, &#x27;BANANA&#x27;, &#x27;CHERRY&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 14 · Double every number in a list:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
doubled = [x * 2 for x in numbers]
print(doubled)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Real-world use case:</strong> A data analyst might use this to convert a column of temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit in one line:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>celsius = [0, 10, 20, 30, 40]
fahrenheit = [(c * 9/5) + 32 for c in celsius]
print(fahrenheit)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[32.0, 50.0, 68.0, 86.0, 104.0]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.6 Conditional Expression Inside the Expression (<code>if...else</code> in the Expression)</h3>
<p class="v2-p">You can also use an <code>if/else</code> directly inside the expression part (not the filter part) to choose between two values for each item.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>newlist = [value_if_true if condition else value_if_false  for item in iterable]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 15 · Replace "banana" with "orange", keep everything else:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
newlist = [x if x != &quot;banana&quot; else &quot;orange&quot; for x in fruits]
print(newlist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Explained:</strong> For each <code>x</code> in the list:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>If <code>x</code> is NOT "banana" → keep <code>x</code> as-is</li><li>If <code>x</code> IS "banana" → replace it with <code>"orange"</code></li></ul>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 16 · Label numbers as "even" or "odd":</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
labels = [&quot;even&quot; if n % 2 == 0 else &quot;odd&quot; for n in numbers]
print(labels)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;odd&#x27;, &#x27;even&#x27;, &#x27;odd&#x27;, &#x27;even&#x27;, &#x27;odd&#x27;, &#x27;even&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.7 Using <code>range()</code> as the Iterable</h3>
<p class="v2-p">You can use <code>range()</code> instead of an existing list to generate values on the fly.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 17 · Squares of numbers 1 through 5:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>squares = [x ** 2 for x in range(1, 6)]
print(squares)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">2.8 Common Beginner Mistake · Confusing the Two <code>if</code> Positions</h3>
<p class="v2-p">There are <strong>two places</strong> an <code>if</code> can go in a comprehension, and they do different things:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code># FILTER if — goes AFTER the for clause, NO else allowed here
[x for x in fruits if x != &quot;banana&quot;]        # Removes banana from results

# EXPRESSION if — goes BEFORE the for clause, MUST have else
[x if x != &quot;banana&quot; else &quot;orange&quot; for x in fruits]  # Replaces banana with orange</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">⚠️ <strong>Wrong · trying to use else with a filter if:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code># WRONG — SyntaxError
[x for x in fruits if x != &quot;banana&quot; else &quot;orange&quot;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Move the <code>if/else</code> to the expression part (before <code>for</code>) when you need an else.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Part 2 · Practice Exercise</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You have a list of product prices. Create a new list that:</p>
<ol class="v2-ol"><li>Includes only prices greater than 10</li><li>Applies a 10% discount to each qualifying price</li></ol>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>prices = [5.99, 15.00, 8.50, 22.00, 3.75, 12.99]

discounted = [round(p * 0.9, 2) for p in prices if p &gt; 10]
print(discounted)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[13.5, 19.8, 11.69]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🔍 <strong>Self-check:</strong> Why are 5.99, 8.50, and 3.75 missing from the result?</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>List Comprehension</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(4)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase5"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 5 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 3 · Sorting a List</div><div class="pc" id="chk5"></div></div><div class="pb2"><h3 class="v2-h3">3.1 What Does Sorting Mean and Why Does It Matter?</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Sorting</strong> means arranging the items in a list in a specific order · most commonly alphabetical (A to Z) or numerical (smallest to largest).</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why sort?</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>A doctor needs patient records sorted by last name.</li><li>A store needs products sorted by price (cheapest first).</li><li>A teacher needs exam scores sorted highest to lowest.</li><li>A search engine needs results sorted by relevance.</li></ul>
<p class="v2-p">Python gives you two main tools for sorting:</p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>.sort()</code> · <strong>modifies the original list</strong> (in-place sort)</li><li><code>sorted()</code> · <strong>creates a new sorted list</strong>, leaving the original unchanged</li></ul>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.2 The <code>.sort()</code> Method · Sort the Original List</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>.sort()</code> rearranges the items inside the list permanently.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 18 · Sort strings alphabetically:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;mango&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;pineapple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;mango&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;, &#x27;pineapple&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 19 · Sort numbers from smallest to largest:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[23, 50, 65, 82, 100]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <strong>Remember:</strong> <code>.sort()</code> changes the list itself. After calling it, the original order is <strong>gone</strong>.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.3 Sort in Descending Order with <code>reverse=True</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">Add <code>reverse=True</code> to sort from largest to smallest (numbers) or Z to A (strings).</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 20 · Sort strings Z to A:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;mango&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;pineapple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;]
thislist.sort(reverse=True)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;pineapple&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;, &#x27;mango&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 21 · Sort numbers largest to smallest:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(reverse=True)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[100, 82, 65, 50, 23]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.4 Case-Insensitive Sorting with <code>key=str.lower</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">By default, Python sorts uppercase letters before lowercase letters (because uppercase letters have lower ASCII values). This can cause surprising results.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 22 · Default sort (case-sensitive, uppercase first):</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;Orange&quot;, &quot;Kiwi&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;Kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;Orange&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><code>Kiwi</code> and <code>Orange</code> appear first because Python sees capital letters as "smaller."</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 23 · Case-insensitive sort:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;Orange&quot;, &quot;Kiwi&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.sort(key=str.lower)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;Kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;Orange&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>How <code>key=str.lower</code> works:</strong> Before comparing any two items, Python temporarily converts them to lowercase just for the comparison. The original capitalisation is kept in the final list · only the sorting logic uses lowercase.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.5 Custom Sort Functions with <code>key=</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">You can pass any function to <code>key=</code> to control how sorting decisions are made. The function receives each item and returns a value; Python sorts by those returned values.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 24 · Sort strings by their length (shortest first):</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>def my_func(e):
    return len(e)

thislist = [&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;pineapple&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;]
thislist.sort(key=my_func)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;pineapple&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><code>len("kiwi")</code> = 4, <code>len("apple")</code> = 5, <code>len("banana")</code> = 6, <code>len("pineapple")</code> = 9 · so sorted by those lengths.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 25 · Sort a list of numbers by their distance from 50:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>def distance_from_50(n):
    return abs(n - 50)

numbers = [100, 50, 65, 23, 48]
numbers.sort(key=distance_from_50)
print(numbers)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[50, 48, 65, 23, 100]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <code>abs()</code> returns the absolute value · the distance from zero, always positive. So <code>abs(23 - 50)</code> = <code>abs(-27)</code> = <code>27</code>.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.6 The <code>.reverse()</code> Method · Flip the List Order</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>.reverse()</code> simply flips the list backwards. It does NOT sort · it just reverses whatever order the items are currently in.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 26:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;Orange&quot;, &quot;Kiwi&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;Kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;Orange&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">3.7 The <code>sorted()</code> Built-in Function · Sort Without Changing the Original</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>sorted()</code> returns a <strong>new sorted list</strong> and leaves the original list unchanged.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 27:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>original = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
new_sorted = sorted(original)

print(&quot;Original:&quot;, original)
print(&quot;Sorted:  &quot;, new_sorted)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Original: [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
Sorted:   [23, 50, 65, 82, 100]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🤔 <strong>When to use <code>.sort()</code> vs <code>sorted()</code>?</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li>Use <code>.sort()</code> when you want to permanently sort the original list.</li><li>Use <code>sorted()</code> when you want to keep the original list intact and work with a sorted copy.</li></ul></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Part 3 · Practice Exercise</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You run a small bookshop. You have a list of book prices. Display them sorted from cheapest to most expensive, and separately from most expensive to cheapest.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>prices = [12.99, 7.50, 24.00, 3.99, 18.75, 9.00]

prices.sort()
print(&quot;Cheapest to most expensive:&quot;, prices)

prices.sort(reverse=True)
print(&quot;Most expensive to cheapest:&quot;, prices)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Cheapest to most expensive: [3.99, 7.5, 9.0, 12.99, 18.75, 24.0]
Most expensive to cheapest: [24.0, 18.75, 12.99, 9.0, 7.5, 3.99]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Sorting a List</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(5)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase6"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 6 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 4 · Copying a List</div><div class="pc" id="chk6"></div></div><div class="pb2"><h3 class="v2-h3">4.1 The Problem with Direct Assignment</h3>
<p class="v2-p">This is one of the most important and surprising concepts for beginners. Many new Python learners make a critical mistake here.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 28 · The Dangerous Mistake:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
list2 = list1          # THIS IS NOT A COPY — it&#x27;s a second name for the SAME list

list2.append(&quot;date&quot;)

print(list1)           # Expected [&#x27;apple&#x27;,&#x27;banana&#x27;,&#x27;cherry&#x27;] — SURPRISE!
print(list2)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;date&#x27;]
[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;date&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Why?</strong> When you write <code>list2 = list1</code>, Python does NOT create a new list. Instead, <code>list2</code> becomes another label pointing to the <strong>exact same list in memory</strong>. Any change made via <code>list2</code> is also visible via <code>list1</code>, because they are the same object.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Analogy:</strong> Imagine a house and two keys. If you give your friend a copy of your house key (same lock), they can enter your house. If they move the furniture, you'll find it moved too. <code>list2 = list1</code> is like giving your friend a key · not a separate identical house.</p>
<p class="v2-p">To get a <strong>separate identical house</strong>, you need to actually <strong>build a copy</strong>.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">4.2 Copying with the <code>.copy()</code> Method</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 29 · Safe copy with <code>.copy()</code>:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
list2 = list1.copy()       # Creates a REAL independent copy

list2.append(&quot;date&quot;)

print(list1)               # Original — unchanged
print(list2)               # Copy — has the new item</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]
[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;date&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Now <code>list1</code> and <code>list2</code> are completely independent. Changes to one do not affect the other.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">4.3 Copying with the <code>list()</code> Constructor</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Another clean and readable way to copy a list is to pass it to the built-in <code>list()</code> function:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 30:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
list2 = list(list1)        # Creates a new list with the same contents

list2[0] = &quot;mango&quot;

print(list1)               # Unchanged
print(list2)               # Modified copy</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]
[&#x27;mango&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">4.4 Copying with Slice Notation <code>[:]</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">A third common approach is the <strong>full slice</strong>. Slicing always returns a new list.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 31:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
list2 = list1[:]           # Full slice = entire list as a new copy

list2.remove(&quot;banana&quot;)

print(list1)
print(list2)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]
[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">4.5 Summary · Three Ways to Copy a List</h3>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Method</th><th>Code</th><th>Creates independent copy?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>.copy()</code></td><td><code>list2 = list1.copy()</code></td><td>✅ Yes</td></tr><tr><td><code>list()</code></td><td><code>list2 = list(list1)</code></td><td>✅ Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Slice <code>[:]</code></td><td><code>list2 = list1[:]</code></td><td>✅ Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Direct assignment</td><td><code>list2 = list1</code></td><td>❌ No · same object!</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <strong>When does copying matter in real life?</strong> In data science, you often need to process a dataset without destroying the original. A researcher might copy their raw data before cleaning it, so the original stays intact for verification.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Part 4 · Practice Exercise</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You have a roster of students. You want to create a "backup" roster before making changes.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>original_roster = [&quot;Alice&quot;, &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Charlie&quot;, &quot;Diana&quot;]
backup_roster = original_roster.copy()

# Enroll a new student in the working copy
original_roster.append(&quot;Eve&quot;)

print(&quot;Current roster:&quot;, original_roster)
print(&quot;Backup roster: &quot;, backup_roster)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Current roster: [&#x27;Alice&#x27;, &#x27;Bob&#x27;, &#x27;Charlie&#x27;, &#x27;Diana&#x27;, &#x27;Eve&#x27;]
Backup roster:  [&#x27;Alice&#x27;, &#x27;Bob&#x27;, &#x27;Charlie&#x27;, &#x27;Diana&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Copying a List</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(6)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase7"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 7 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 5 · Joining / Concatenating Lists</div><div class="pc" id="chk7"></div></div><div class="pb2"><h3 class="v2-h3">5.1 What Is Joining?</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Joining</strong> (also called <strong>concatenating</strong>) two or more lists means combining them into one single list. All items from both lists appear together.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Real-world example:</strong> You manage two warehouses. Warehouse A has one inventory list, Warehouse B has another. To get the combined inventory, you join the two lists.</p>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">5.2 Method 1 · The <code>+</code> Operator</h3>
<p class="v2-p">The simplest way to join two lists is to add them with <code>+</code>:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 32:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]

list3 = list1 + list2
print(list3)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, &#x27;c&#x27;, 1, 2, 3]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 This creates a <strong>new combined list</strong>. <code>list1</code> and <code>list2</code> are unchanged.</p></blockquote>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 33 · Joining three lists:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;]
veggies = [&quot;carrot&quot;, &quot;spinach&quot;]
grains = [&quot;rice&quot;, &quot;oats&quot;]

all_foods = fruits + veggies + grains
print(all_foods)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;carrot&#x27;, &#x27;spinach&#x27;, &#x27;rice&#x27;, &#x27;oats&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">5.3 Method 2 · The <code>.extend()</code> Method</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><code>.extend()</code> adds all items from one list <strong>directly into another list</strong> (modifies the first list in place):</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 34:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]

list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, &#x27;c&#x27;, 1, 2, 3]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">🤔 <strong>What is the difference between <code>+</code> and <code>.extend()</code>?</strong></p>
<ul class="v2-ul"><li><code>+</code> creates a <strong>brand new list</strong>, leaving both originals unchanged.</li><li><code>.extend()</code> <strong>modifies</strong> <code>list1</code> by adding items from <code>list2</code> into it.</li></ul></blockquote>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 35 · Adding a tuple to a list with <code>.extend()</code>:</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p"><code>.extend()</code> accepts any iterable (list, tuple, set, range, etc.), not just lists:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
tuple1 = (&quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;)

list1.extend(tuple1)
print(list1)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">5.4 Method 3 · A Loop with <code>.append()</code></h3>
<p class="v2-p">You can also join lists manually using a loop:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 36:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>list1 = [&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]

for x in list2:
    list1.append(x)

print(list1)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, &#x27;c&#x27;, 1, 2, 3]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 This works but <code>.extend()</code> is more concise and faster. Use the loop approach when you need to filter or transform items during the join.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">5.5 Joining Summary</h3>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Method</th><th>Code</th><th>Modifies original?</th><th>Use when</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>+</code> operator</td><td><code>c = a + b</code></td><td>❌ No</td><td>You want a new list</td></tr><tr><td><code>.extend()</code></td><td><code>a.extend(b)</code></td><td>✅ Yes (adds to <code>a</code>)</td><td>You want to grow one list</td></tr><tr><td>Loop + <code>.append()</code></td><td><code>for x in b: a.append(x)</code></td><td>✅ Yes</td><td>You need to filter/transform during join</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">Part 5 · Practice Exercise</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Scenario:</strong> You manage two event guest lists. Combine them into one master list.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>vip_guests = [&quot;Alice&quot;, &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Charlie&quot;]
general_guests = [&quot;Diana&quot;, &quot;Eve&quot;, &quot;Frank&quot;]

# Method 1: using +
master_list = vip_guests + general_guests
print(&quot;Master list:&quot;, master_list)

# Method 2: using .extend()
vip_guests.extend(general_guests)
print(&quot;VIP list extended:&quot;, vip_guests)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Master list: [&#x27;Alice&#x27;, &#x27;Bob&#x27;, &#x27;Charlie&#x27;, &#x27;Diana&#x27;, &#x27;Eve&#x27;, &#x27;Frank&#x27;]
VIP list extended: [&#x27;Alice&#x27;, &#x27;Bob&#x27;, &#x27;Charlie&#x27;, &#x27;Diana&#x27;, &#x27;Eve&#x27;, &#x27;Frank&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr"><div class="task-box"><div class="task-lbl">✏️ Your Task</div><div class="task-body">Practise what you just learned about <strong>Joining / Concatenating Lists</strong>. Open your editor, type the examples above by hand, modify them, and observe what changes.</div></div><button class="ub" onclick="unlockNext(7)">Phase Complete — Unlock Next ✓</button></div></div>
<div class="phase locked" id="phase8"><div class="ph"><div class="pn">Phase 8 of 10</div><div class="pt">Part 6 · All Python List Methods</div><div class="pc" id="chk8"></div></div><div class="pb2"><p class="v2-p">Python lists come with a powerful built-in toolbox of methods. Here is a complete reference guide for every method, with explanations and examples.</p>
<h3 class="v2-h3">Overview Table</h3>
<div class="v2-table-wrap"><table class="v2-table"><thead><tr><th>Method</th><th>What It Does</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>append()</code></td><td>Adds one item to the end</td></tr><tr><td><code>clear()</code></td><td>Removes all items</td></tr><tr><td><code>copy()</code></td><td>Returns a copy of the list</td></tr><tr><td><code>count()</code></td><td>Counts how many times a value appears</td></tr><tr><td><code>extend()</code></td><td>Adds all items from another iterable to the end</td></tr><tr><td><code>index()</code></td><td>Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value</td></tr><tr><td><code>insert()</code></td><td>Inserts an item at a specified position</td></tr><tr><td><code>pop()</code></td><td>Removes and returns the item at a specified index</td></tr><tr><td><code>remove()</code></td><td>Removes the first occurrence of a specified value</td></tr><tr><td><code>reverse()</code></td><td>Reverses the order of the list</td></tr><tr><td><code>sort()</code></td><td>Sorts the list</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.1 <code>append()</code> · Add One Item to the End</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Adds a single item to the very end of the list.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.append(item)</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 37:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.append(&quot;orange&quot;)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">⚠️ <strong>Common mistake:</strong> Appending a list inside a list:</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist.append([&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;grape&quot;])
# This adds ONE item that is itself a list: [&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, [&#x27;orange&#x27;, &#x27;grape&#x27;]]
# Use .extend() if you want to add multiple items separately</code></pre></div></div></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.2 <code>clear()</code> · Remove All Items</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Empties the list completely. The list object still exists, it just has no items.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.clear()</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 38:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.clear()
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.3 <code>copy()</code> · Return a Copy</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Already covered in Part 4. Quick reminder:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 39:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
mylist = thislist.copy()
print(mylist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.4 <code>count()</code> · Count Occurrences of a Value</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Returns how many times a specific value appears in the list.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.count(value)</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 40:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [1, 4, 2, 9, 7, 8, 9, 3, 1]
print(thislist.count(9))</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>2</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Real-world use:</strong> A weather analyst might count how many days in a month the temperature exceeded 30°C.</p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>temps = [28, 31, 33, 29, 35, 30, 33, 32, 31, 33]
print(&quot;Days above 30:&quot;, temps.count(31) + temps.count(32) + temps.count(33) + temps.count(35))</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 For more complex counting conditions, use a loop or comprehension instead.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.5 <code>extend()</code> · Add Items from Another Iterable</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Already covered in Part 5. Quick reminder:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 41:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.extend([&quot;kiwi&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;])
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;kiwi&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.6 <code>index()</code> · Find the Position of a Value</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Returns the <strong>index</strong> (position) of the first occurrence of a specified value.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.index(value)</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 42:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
print(thislist.index(&quot;cherry&quot;))</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>2</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 43 · Search within a range:</strong></p>
<p class="v2-p">You can optionally pass a start and end position: <code>list.index(value, start, end)</code></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;]
print(fruits.index(&quot;banana&quot;))       # First banana is at index 1
print(fruits.index(&quot;banana&quot;, 2))    # Search from index 2 onwards — finds banana at index 3</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>1
3</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">⚠️ <strong>Common mistake:</strong> If the value does not exist, <code>.index()</code> raises a <code>ValueError</code>. Use this carefully or check first with <code>if value in list</code>.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.7 <code>insert()</code> · Add an Item at a Specific Position</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Inserts an item at the index you specify. All existing items at and after that index shift one position to the right.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.insert(index, item)</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 44:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.insert(1, &quot;orange&quot;)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;orange&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><code>"orange"</code> was inserted at index 1. <code>"banana"</code> moved from index 1 to index 2. <code>"cherry"</code> moved from index 2 to index 3.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 45 · Insert at the beginning:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.insert(0, &quot;apple&quot;)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.8 <code>pop()</code> · Remove and Return an Item by Index</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Removes the item at the specified index and <strong>returns</strong> it (so you can use the removed item). If no index is given, it removes and returns the <strong>last</strong> item.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.pop(index)</code> or <code>list.pop()</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 46 · Pop the last item:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
removed = thislist.pop()
print(&quot;Removed:&quot;, removed)
print(&quot;List now:&quot;, thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Removed: cherry
List now: [&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 47 · Pop a specific index:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
removed = thislist.pop(1)
print(&quot;Removed:&quot;, removed)
print(&quot;List now:&quot;, thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>Removed: banana
List now: [&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">💡 <strong>Real-world use:</strong> <code>pop()</code> is commonly used in "stack" data structures · like a pile of plates where you always take from the top. Each <code>pop()</code> removes the most recently added item.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.9 <code>remove()</code> · Remove an Item by Value</h3>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>What it does:</strong> Finds the <strong>first occurrence</strong> of the specified value and removes it. Unlike <code>pop()</code>, you give it a <strong>value</strong>, not an index.</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code>list.remove(value)</code></p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 48:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
thislist.remove(&quot;banana&quot;)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 49 · Removes only the FIRST occurrence:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>thislist = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;]
thislist.remove(&quot;banana&quot;)
print(thislist)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;apple&#x27;, &#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p">Only the first <code>"banana"</code> was removed. The second one remains.</p>
<blockquote class="v2-bq"><p class="v2-p">⚠️ <strong>Common mistake:</strong> If the value does not exist in the list, <code>remove()</code> raises a <code>ValueError</code>. Check first with <code>if value in list</code> if you are not sure.</p></blockquote>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.10 <code>reverse()</code> · Reverse the List In-Place</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Already covered in Part 3. Quick reminder:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 50:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>fruits = [&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;]
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;cherry&#x27;, &#x27;banana&#x27;, &#x27;apple&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>
<hr class="v2-hr">
<h3 class="v2-h3">6.11 <code>sort()</code> · Sort the List In-Place</h3>
<p class="v2-p">Already covered in Part 3. Quick reminder:</p>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Example 51:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">python</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>cars = [&quot;Ford&quot;, &quot;BMW&quot;, &quot;Volvo&quot;]
cars.sort()
print(cars)</code></pre></div></div>
<p class="v2-p"><strong>Expected Output:</strong></p>
<div class="v2-code-wrap"><div class="v2-code-bar"><span class="v2-dot r"></span><span class="v2-dot y"></span><span class="v2-dot g"></span><span class="v2-code-lang">code</span><button class="copy-btn" onclick="copyCode(this)">&#10064; Copy</button></div><div class="v2-code-body"><pre><code>[&#x27;BMW&#x27;, &#x27;Ford&#x27;, &#x27;Volvo&#x27;]</code></pre></div></div>