diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 531af187b..8a769155b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -21,3 +21,4 @@ You can use the `\Psr\Container\ContainerInterface`, see [dependency injection](
 
 # Testing
 Front-end tests (Vitest for unit/component, Playwright for end-to-end) are documented in [TESTING.md](TESTING.md).
+
diff --git a/tests/stubs/doctrine_dbal_driver_exception.php b/tests/stubs/doctrine_dbal_driver_exception.php
index df5e40120..cf824a5f5 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/doctrine_dbal_driver_exception.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/doctrine_dbal_driver_exception.php
@@ -15,7 +15,5 @@ interface Exception extends Throwable
      *
      * @return string|null
      */
-    public function getSQLState()
-    {
-    }
+    public function getSQLState();
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/oc_hooks_emitter.php b/tests/stubs/oc_hooks_emitter.php
index dd6f09aac..b8c00a211 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/oc_hooks_emitter.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/oc_hooks_emitter.php
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ interface Emitter {
 	 * @return void
 	 * @deprecated 18.0.0 use \OCP\EventDispatcher\IEventDispatcher::addListener
 	 */
-	public function listen($scope, $method, callable $callback)
-    {
-    }
+	public function listen($scope, $method, callable $callback);
 
 	/**
 	 * @param string $scope optional
@@ -36,7 +34,5 @@ public function listen($scope, $method, callable $callback)
 	 * @return void
 	 * @deprecated 18.0.0 use \OCP\EventDispatcher\IEventDispatcher::removeListener
 	 */
-	public function removeListener($scope = null, $method = null, ?callable $callback = null)
-    {
-    }
+	public function removeListener($scope = null, $method = null, ?callable $callback = null);
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/oca_dav_carddav_contactsmanager.php b/tests/stubs/oca_dav_carddav_contactsmanager.php
index 1bb5f9266..1736916e0 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/oca_dav_carddav_contactsmanager.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/oca_dav_carddav_contactsmanager.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016 ownCloud, Inc.
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
  */
+
 namespace OCA\DAV\CardDAV;
 
 use OCA\DAV\AppInfo\Application;
diff --git a/tests/stubs/oca_files_sharing_external_storage.php b/tests/stubs/oca_files_sharing_external_storage.php
index 96b14c039..feb912871 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/oca_files_sharing_external_storage.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/oca_files_sharing_external_storage.php
@@ -6,48 +6,124 @@
  * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016 ownCloud, Inc.
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
  */
+
 namespace OCA\Files_Sharing\External;
 
+use GuzzleHttp\Exception\ClientException;
+use GuzzleHttp\Exception\ConnectException;
+use GuzzleHttp\Exception\RequestException;
+use OC\Files\Storage\BearerAuthAwareSabreClient;
+use OC\Files\Storage\DAV;
+use OC\ForbiddenException;
+use OCA\Files_Sharing\External\Manager as ExternalShareManager;
+use OCA\Files_Sharing\ISharedStorage;
+use OCP\AppFramework\Http;
+use OCP\Constants;
+use OCP\Federation\ICloudId;
 use OCP\Files\Cache\ICache;
 use OCP\Files\Cache\IScanner;
 use OCP\Files\Cache\IWatcher;
+use OCP\Files\NotFoundException;
 use OCP\Files\Storage\IDisableEncryptionStorage;
 use OCP\Files\Storage\IReliableEtagStorage;
 use OCP\Files\Storage\IStorage;
+use OCP\Files\StorageInvalidException;
+use OCP\Files\StorageNotAvailableException;
+use OCP\Http\Client\IClientService;
+use OCP\Http\Client\LocalServerException;
+use OCP\IAppConfig;
+use OCP\ICacheFactory;
+use OCP\IConfig;
+use OCP\IUserSession;
+use OCP\OCM\Exceptions\OCMArgumentException;
+use OCP\OCM\Exceptions\OCMProviderException;
+use OCP\OCM\IOCMDiscoveryService;
+use OCP\Server;
+use OCP\Share\IManager as IShareManager;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+class Storage extends DAV implements ISharedStorage, IDisableEncryptionStorage, IReliableEtagStorage {
+	protected IAppConfig $appConfig;
+
+	private const int REFRESH_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 3;
+	private const int REFRESH_BACKOFF_SECONDS = 5;
 
-class Storage implements IDisableEncryptionStorage, IReliableEtagStorage {
-	public function getWatcher(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): IWatcher {
-	}
-
-	public function getRemoteUser(): string {
-	}
-
-	public function getRemote(): string {
-	}
-
-	public function getMountPoint(): string {
-	}
-
-	public function getToken(): string {
-	}
-
-	public function getPassword(): ?string {
-	}
-
-	public function getId(): string {
-	}
-
-	public function getCache(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): ICache {
-	}
-
-	public function getScanner(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): IScanner {
-	}
-
-	public function hasUpdated(string $path, int $time): bool {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * @param array{HttpClientService: IClientService, manager: ExternalShareManager, cloudId: ICloudId, mountpoint: string, token: string, access_token: ?string, access_token_expires: ?int}|array $options
+	 */
+	public function __construct($options)
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function test(): bool {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * Refresh the access token. Extends parent to also persist to database.
+	 *
+	 * Uses expiry timestamps instead of a boolean flag so that concurrent
+	 * processes can detect that another process already obtained a fresh token
+	 * and reuse it rather than performing a redundant exchange.
+	 *
+	 * After a failed exchange, a 60-second backoff is applied so that
+	 * subsequent file operations do not hammer the remote token endpoint.
+	 * The DB is still consulted during backoff in case a concurrent process
+	 * succeeded; only the outgoing exchange call is suppressed.
+	 *
+	 * @return string|null the access token (freshly exchanged or reused from
+	 *                     DB), or null if refresh is currently not possible
+	 */
+	#[\Override]
+    protected function refreshAccessToken(): ?string
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getWatcher(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): IWatcher
+    {
+    }
+
+	public function getRemoteUser(): string
+    {
+    }
+
+	public function getRemote(): string
+    {
+    }
+
+	public function getMountPoint(): string
+    {
+    }
+
+	public function getToken(): string
+    {
+    }
+
+	public function getPassword(): ?string
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getId(): string
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getCache(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): ICache
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getScanner(string $path = '', ?IStorage $storage = null): IScanner
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function hasUpdated(string $path, int $time): bool
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function test(): bool
+    {
+    }
 
 	/**
 	 * Check whether this storage is permanently or temporarily
@@ -56,28 +132,82 @@ public function test(): bool {
 	 * @throws StorageNotAvailableException
 	 * @throws StorageInvalidException
 	 */
-	public function checkStorageAvailability(): void {
-	}
+	public function checkStorageAvailability(): void
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function file_exists(string $path): bool {
-	}
+	#[\Override]
+    public function file_exists(string $path): bool
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function getShareInfo(int $depth = -1) {
-	}
-
-	public function getOwner(string $path): string|false {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * Check if the configured remote is a valid-federated share provider
+	 */
+	protected function testRemote(): bool
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function isSharable(string $path): bool {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * Check whether the remote is an ownCloud/Nextcloud. This is needed since some sharing
+	 * features are not standardized.
+	 *
+	 * @throws LocalServerException
+	 */
+	public function remoteIsOwnCloud(): bool
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function getPermissions(string $path): int {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws ForbiddenException
+	 * @throws NotFoundException
+	 * @throws \Exception
+	 */
+	public function getShareInfo(int $depth = -1)
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getOwner(string $path): string|false
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function isSharable(string $path): bool
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function getPermissions(string $path): int
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function needsPartFile(): bool
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function needsPartFile(): bool {
-		return false;
-	}
+	/**
+	 * Translate OCM Permissions to Nextcloud permissions
+	 *
+	 * @param string $ocmPermissions json encoded OCM permissions
+	 * @param string $path path to file
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	protected function ocmPermissions2ncPermissions(string $ocmPermissions, string $path): int
+    {
+    }
 
-	public function free_space(string $path): int|float|false {
-	}
+	/**
+	 * Calculate the default permissions in case no permissions are provided
+	 */
+	protected function getDefaultPermissions(string $path): int
+    {
+    }
+
+	#[\Override]
+    public function free_space(string $path): int|float|false
+    {
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_abstractmapping.php b/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_abstractmapping.php
index a41fe2ff2..c18a0ba14 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_abstractmapping.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_abstractmapping.php
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
  * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016 ownCloud, Inc.
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
  */
+
 namespace OCA\User_LDAP\Mapping;
 
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception;
-use OCP\DB\IPreparedStatement;
 use OCP\DB\QueryBuilder\IQueryBuilder;
 use OCP\IAppConfig;
 use OCP\ICache;
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@ abstract class AbstractMapping {
 	 *
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	abstract protected function getTableName(bool $includePrefix = true)
-    {
-    }
+	abstract protected function getTableName(bool $includePrefix = true);
 
 	/**
 	 * A month worth of cache time for as good as never changing mapping data.
@@ -93,17 +91,6 @@ public function isColNameValid($col)
 	 */
 	protected function getXbyY($fetchCol, $compareCol, $search)
     {
-    }
-
-	/**
-	 * Performs a DELETE or UPDATE query to the database.
-	 *
-	 * @param IPreparedStatement $statement
-	 * @param array $parameters
-	 * @return bool true if at least one row was modified, false otherwise
-	 */
-	protected function modify(IPreparedStatement $statement, $parameters)
-    {
     }
 
 	/**
diff --git a/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_usermapping.php b/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_usermapping.php
index 98e6d355a..5423d9954 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_usermapping.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/oca_user_ldap_mapping_usermapping.php
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ public function __construct(IDBConnection $dbc, ICacheFactory $cacheFactory, IAp
 	/**
 	 * @throws HintException
 	 */
-	public function map($fdn, $name, $uuid): bool
+	#[\Override]
+    public function map($fdn, $name, $uuid): bool
     {
     }
 
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ public function map($fdn, $name, $uuid): bool
 	 * returns the DB table name which holds the mappings
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	protected function getTableName(bool $includePrefix = true)
+	#[\Override]
+    protected function getTableName(bool $includePrefix = true)
     {
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/stecman_component_symfony_console_bashcompletion_completion_completionawareinterface.php b/tests/stubs/stecman_component_symfony_console_bashcompletion_completion_completionawareinterface.php
index 8a4d5c439..20963cb8c 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/stecman_component_symfony_console_bashcompletion_completion_completionawareinterface.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/stecman_component_symfony_console_bashcompletion_completion_completionawareinterface.php
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ interface CompletionAwareInterface
      * @param CompletionContext $context
      * @return array
      */
-    public function completeOptionValues($optionName, CompletionContext $context)
-    {
-    }
+    public function completeOptionValues($optionName, CompletionContext $context);
 
     /**
      * Return possible values for the named argument
@@ -25,7 +23,5 @@ public function completeOptionValues($optionName, CompletionContext $context)
      * @param CompletionContext $context
      * @return array
      */
-    public function completeArgumentValues($argumentName, CompletionContext $context)
-    {
-    }
+    public function completeArgumentValues($argumentName, CompletionContext $context);
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_helper_helperinterface.php b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_helper_helperinterface.php
index 350ae4ac5..8c4da3c91 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_helper_helperinterface.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_helper_helperinterface.php
@@ -21,21 +21,15 @@ interface HelperInterface
     /**
      * Sets the helper set associated with this helper.
      */
-    public function setHelperSet(?HelperSet $helperSet): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setHelperSet(?HelperSet $helperSet): void;
 
     /**
      * Gets the helper set associated with this helper.
      */
-    public function getHelperSet(): ?HelperSet
-    {
-    }
+    public function getHelperSet(): ?HelperSet;
 
     /**
      * Returns the canonical name of this helper.
      */
-    public function getName(): string
-    {
-    }
+    public function getName(): string;
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_input_inputinterface.php b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_input_inputinterface.php
index 535a97c0c..c177d960b 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_input_inputinterface.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_input_inputinterface.php
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ interface InputInterface
     /**
      * Returns the first argument from the raw parameters (not parsed).
      */
-    public function getFirstArgument(): ?string
-    {
-    }
+    public function getFirstArgument(): ?string;
 
     /**
      * Returns true if the raw parameters (not parsed) contain a value.
@@ -39,9 +37,7 @@ public function getFirstArgument(): ?string
      * @param string|array $values     The values to look for in the raw parameters (can be an array)
      * @param bool         $onlyParams Only check real parameters, skip those following an end of options (--) signal
      */
-    public function hasParameterOption(string|array $values, bool $onlyParams = false): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function hasParameterOption(string|array $values, bool $onlyParams = false): bool;
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of a raw option (not parsed).
@@ -55,116 +51,88 @@ public function hasParameterOption(string|array $values, bool $onlyParams = fals
      * @param string|bool|int|float|array|null $default    The default value to return if no result is found
      * @param bool                             $onlyParams Only check real parameters, skip those following an end of options (--) signal
      */
-    public function getParameterOption(string|array $values, string|bool|int|float|array|null $default = false, bool $onlyParams = false): mixed
-    {
-    }
+    public function getParameterOption(string|array $values, string|bool|int|float|array|null $default = false, bool $onlyParams = false): mixed;
 
     /**
      * Binds the current Input instance with the given arguments and options.
      *
      * @throws RuntimeException
      */
-    public function bind(InputDefinition $definition): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function bind(InputDefinition $definition): void;
 
     /**
      * Validates the input.
      *
      * @throws RuntimeException When not enough arguments are given
      */
-    public function validate(): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function validate(): void;
 
     /**
      * Returns all the given arguments merged with the default values.
      *
      * @return array<string|bool|int|float|array|null>
      */
-    public function getArguments(): array
-    {
-    }
+    public function getArguments(): array;
 
     /**
      * Returns the argument value for a given argument name.
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException When argument given doesn't exist
      */
-    public function getArgument(string $name): mixed
-    {
-    }
+    public function getArgument(string $name): mixed;
 
     /**
      * Sets an argument value by name.
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException When argument given doesn't exist
      */
-    public function setArgument(string $name, mixed $value): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setArgument(string $name, mixed $value): void;
 
     /**
      * Returns true if an InputArgument object exists by name or position.
      */
-    public function hasArgument(string $name): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function hasArgument(string $name): bool;
 
     /**
      * Returns all the given options merged with the default values.
      *
      * @return array<string|bool|int|float|array|null>
      */
-    public function getOptions(): array
-    {
-    }
+    public function getOptions(): array;
 
     /**
      * Returns the option value for a given option name.
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException When option given doesn't exist
      */
-    public function getOption(string $name): mixed
-    {
-    }
+    public function getOption(string $name): mixed;
 
     /**
      * Sets an option value by name.
      *
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException When option given doesn't exist
      */
-    public function setOption(string $name, mixed $value): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setOption(string $name, mixed $value): void;
 
     /**
      * Returns true if an InputOption object exists by name.
      */
-    public function hasOption(string $name): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function hasOption(string $name): bool;
 
     /**
      * Is this input means interactive?
      */
-    public function isInteractive(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isInteractive(): bool;
 
     /**
      * Sets the input interactivity.
      */
-    public function setInteractive(bool $interactive): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setInteractive(bool $interactive): void;
 
     /**
      * Returns a stringified representation of the args passed to the command.
      *
      * InputArguments MUST be escaped as well as the InputOption values passed to the command.
      */
-    public function __toString(): string
-    {
-    }
+    public function __toString(): string;
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_consoleoutputinterface.php b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_consoleoutputinterface.php
index c6289da61..1f8f147ce 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_consoleoutputinterface.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_consoleoutputinterface.php
@@ -22,15 +22,9 @@ interface ConsoleOutputInterface extends OutputInterface
     /**
      * Gets the OutputInterface for errors.
      */
-    public function getErrorOutput(): OutputInterface
-    {
-    }
+    public function getErrorOutput(): OutputInterface;
 
-    public function setErrorOutput(OutputInterface $error): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setErrorOutput(OutputInterface $error): void;
 
-    public function section(): ConsoleSectionOutput
-    {
-    }
+    public function section(): ConsoleSectionOutput;
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_output.php b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_output.php
index d9c694ee1..62d3f827e 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_output.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_output.php
@@ -94,7 +94,5 @@ public function write(string|iterable $messages, bool $newline = false, int $opt
     /**
      * Writes a message to the output.
      */
-    abstract protected function doWrite(string $message, bool $newline): void
-    {
-    }
+    abstract protected function doWrite(string $message, bool $newline): void;
 }
diff --git a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_outputinterface.php b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_outputinterface.php
index 37b29fb34..969a3b022 100644
--- a/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_outputinterface.php
+++ b/tests/stubs/symfony_component_console_output_outputinterface.php
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ interface OutputInterface
      * @param int  $options A bitmask of options (one of the OUTPUT or VERBOSITY constants),
      *                      0 is considered the same as self::OUTPUT_NORMAL | self::VERBOSITY_NORMAL
      */
-    public function write(string|iterable $messages, bool $newline = false, int $options = 0): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function write(string|iterable $messages, bool $newline = false, int $options = 0): void;
 
     /**
      * Writes a message to the output and adds a newline at the end.
@@ -50,78 +48,56 @@ public function write(string|iterable $messages, bool $newline = false, int $opt
      * @param int $options A bitmask of options (one of the OUTPUT or VERBOSITY constants),
      *                     0 is considered the same as self::OUTPUT_NORMAL | self::VERBOSITY_NORMAL
      */
-    public function writeln(string|iterable $messages, int $options = 0): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function writeln(string|iterable $messages, int $options = 0): void;
 
     /**
      * Sets the verbosity of the output.
      *
      * @param self::VERBOSITY_* $level
      */
-    public function setVerbosity(int $level): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setVerbosity(int $level): void;
 
     /**
      * Gets the current verbosity of the output.
      *
      * @return self::VERBOSITY_*
      */
-    public function getVerbosity(): int
-    {
-    }
+    public function getVerbosity(): int;
 
     /**
      * Returns whether verbosity is quiet (-q).
      */
-    public function isQuiet(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isQuiet(): bool;
 
     /**
      * Returns whether verbosity is verbose (-v).
      */
-    public function isVerbose(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isVerbose(): bool;
 
     /**
      * Returns whether verbosity is very verbose (-vv).
      */
-    public function isVeryVerbose(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isVeryVerbose(): bool;
 
     /**
      * Returns whether verbosity is debug (-vvv).
      */
-    public function isDebug(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isDebug(): bool;
 
     /**
      * Sets the decorated flag.
      */
-    public function setDecorated(bool $decorated): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setDecorated(bool $decorated): void;
 
     /**
      * Gets the decorated flag.
      */
-    public function isDecorated(): bool
-    {
-    }
+    public function isDecorated(): bool;
 
-    public function setFormatter(OutputFormatterInterface $formatter): void
-    {
-    }
+    public function setFormatter(OutputFormatterInterface $formatter): void;
 
     /**
      * Returns current output formatter instance.
      */
-    public function getFormatter(): OutputFormatterInterface
-    {
-    }
+    public function getFormatter(): OutputFormatterInterface;
 }