diff --git a/src/schema-parser/base-schema-parsers/complex.ts b/src/schema-parser/base-schema-parsers/complex.ts
index 8767d084..f066c24e 100644
--- a/src/schema-parser/base-schema-parsers/complex.ts
+++ b/src/schema-parser/base-schema-parsers/complex.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ export class ComplexSchemaParser extends MonoSchemaParser {
       complexType
     ](this.schema);
 
+    // A $ref alongside `not`, `allOf` and friends is a sibling in OpenAPI 3.1: the
+    // keywords apply on top of the referenced schema. Parsing the reference too keeps
+    // the type, which would otherwise be lost with the complex keyword that cannot be
+    // expressed in TypeScript.
+    const shouldParseSimpleSchema =
+      this.schemaUtils.getInternalSchemaType(simpleSchema) ===
+        SCHEMA_TYPES.OBJECT || this.schemaUtils.isRefSchema(simpleSchema);
+
     return {
       ...(typeof this.schema === "object" ? this.schema : {}),
       $schemaPath: this.schemaPath.slice(),
@@ -33,19 +41,21 @@ export class ComplexSchemaParser extends MonoSchemaParser {
       ),
       content:
         this.config.Ts.IntersectionType(
-          compact([
-            this.config.Ts.ExpressionGroup(complexSchemaContent),
-            this.schemaUtils.getInternalSchemaType(simpleSchema) ===
-              SCHEMA_TYPES.OBJECT &&
-              this.config.Ts.ExpressionGroup(
-                this.schemaParserFabric
-                  .createSchemaParser({
-                    schema: simpleSchema,
-                    schemaPath: this.schemaPath,
-                  })
-                  .getInlineParseContent(),
-              ),
-          ]),
+          this.schemaUtils
+            .filterSchemaContents(
+              compact([
+                complexSchemaContent,
+                shouldParseSimpleSchema &&
+                  this.schemaParserFabric
+                    .createSchemaParser({
+                      schema: simpleSchema,
+                      schemaPath: this.schemaPath,
+                    })
+                    .getInlineParseContent(),
+              ]),
+              (content) => content !== this.config.Ts.Keyword.Any,
+            )
+            .map((content) => this.config.Ts.ExpressionGroup(content)),
         ) || this.config.Ts.Keyword.Any,
     };
   }
diff --git a/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/__snapshots__/basic.test.ts.snap b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/__snapshots__/basic.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c061d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/__snapshots__/basic.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`basic > ref-with-sibling-keywords 1`] = `
+"/* eslint-disable */
+/* tslint:disable */
+// @ts-nocheck
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * ## THIS FILE WAS GENERATED VIA SWAGGER-TYPESCRIPT-API        ##
+ * ##                                                           ##
+ * ## AUTHOR: acacode                                           ##
+ * ## SOURCE: https://github.com/acacode/swagger-typescript-api ##
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+export enum Status {
+  STATUS_UNSPECIFIED = "STATUS_UNSPECIFIED",
+  ACTIVE = "ACTIVE",
+  PAUSED = "PAUSED",
+}
+
+export interface Account {
+  plainRef?: Status;
+  /**
+   * annotatedRef
+   * a reference carrying annotations
+   */
+  annotatedRef?: Status;
+  /**
+   * constrainedRef
+   * a reference the value must match, minus one member
+   */
+  constrainedRef?: Status;
+}
+"
+`;
diff --git a/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/basic.test.ts b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/basic.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c261437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/basic.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { generateApi } from "../../../src/index.js";
+
+describe("basic", async () => {
+  let tmpdir = "";
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    tmpdir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "swagger-typescript-api"));
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await fs.rm(tmpdir, { recursive: true });
+  });
+
+  test("ref-with-sibling-keywords", async () => {
+    await generateApi({
+      fileName: "schema",
+      input: path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, "schema.json"),
+      output: tmpdir,
+      silent: true,
+      generateClient: false,
+    });
+
+    const content = await fs.readFile(path.join(tmpdir, "schema.ts"), {
+      encoding: "utf8",
+    });
+
+    expect(content).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/schema.json b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd0439cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec/ref-with-sibling-keywords/schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.1.0",
+  "info": {
+    "title": "Ref with sibling keywords",
+    "version": "1.0.0"
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "Status": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "enum": ["STATUS_UNSPECIFIED", "ACTIVE", "PAUSED"]
+      },
+      "Account": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "plainRef": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Status"
+          },
+          "annotatedRef": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Status",
+            "title": "annotatedRef",
+            "description": "a reference carrying annotations"
+          },
+          "constrainedRef": {
+            "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Status",
+            "title": "constrainedRef",
+            "description": "a reference the value must match, minus one member",
+            "not": {
+              "enum": ["STATUS_UNSPECIFIED"]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "paths": {}
+}